The Sorites Paradox A Nominalist View
Jud Evans
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The sorites paradox originates from Ancient
Greek: soreites, (heaped up.) The meaning of a heap (and its conglomerate synonyms) can be ontologically
paradoxical, for such abstract nouns predicatively
vague. Consider a heap of sand, from which
grains are individually removed. Is it still
a heap when only one grain remains? If not,
when did it change from a heap to a non-heap? The Sorites Paradox scared Heidegger out
of his wits, for he steered a cowardly course
well clear of nominalism for obvious reasons.
Various people may decide that one grain
of sand on its own is not a heap but a large
assembly of grains of sand is a heap. Heidegger
neglects the Aristotelian notions of many", other, unequal and unlike. Heidegger's notion of ontological difference ignores the problems of Aristotle's Form-Series of one, same, equal, and similar.
As Prof. Douglas R. points out:
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The Doctrine of Being in the Aristotelian
Metaphysics neglects the Aristotelian "Material-Series"
of "many", "other", "unequal"
and "unlike", Heidegger neglects
the Aristotelian "Form-Series"
of "one", "same", "equal",
and "similar". This is because
Heidegger reads "matter" in the
Aristotelian sense not as "stuff"
but as "possibility". As a consequence
Heidegger stresses the "situatedness"
of "thrown Being-in-the-world"
as the place where possibilities are experienced
to the exclusion of the eidetic of actuality
and mere static "presence". Two
theological implications are drawn from this
analysis: 1) Aristotle's "unification"
of the Material and Form-Series in the Unmoved
Mover suggests the inseparability of possibility
and actuality and allows the contemplation
of "God" as possibility above actuality.
2) A theological recovery of the "Form-Series"
can aid us in understanding the Pauline Christian
notions of "being in Christ" and
"possessing the mind of Christ".
[1] (McGaughey 1998.)
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My position regarding the so-called sorites
paradox, or better still the questions it
poses, are part of my nominalist mereological
position, whereby I cognise of abstractions
like collections and heaps and piles and clouds, etc., as non-existent, in that it is the
individuate particles that exist, and it
is only the existential spatial
location of that contiguous mass which we
humans [conveniently] ignore and denote with
a collective noun.
Transcendentalist responses such as:
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But it is more convenient to call collections
of objects with a single name -
rather than to attempt to name or distinguish
each separate particle or component, etc.
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Such a response is not a nominalist concern.
Of COURSE it is more convenient to call collections
of objects with a single name -
that's why we do it. Any concern on
the part of most nominalists entails the
fact that useful fictions are often believed
to be facts.
The limitations, sociology, conventions and
useful fictions of human communication is
not what is being addressed here at all.
What is being discussed is the ontological
facts of the matter. The nominalist interest
is in what actually exists and what does
not exist. There is no agenda which includes
eradicating or decimating the linguistic
conveniences that have developed over millennia
in order to render human communication better
suited to speed, or the curtailment of of
unnecessary periphrasis. The nominalist agenda
is educative - not eliminative.
What actually exists?
1. The actual grains of sand that can be
seen by the fingers and felt upon the epidermal
sensors and sensed by the human holism?
2. The significatum or label which signals
a collection of such entities?
Of course this all ties up with the concept
of signification and nomination in general,
and extends to the way in which we denote
individual grains of sand themselves and
any other multiplicity of objects in the
world including (as Parmenides pointed out)
the very stars that make up the cosmos.
We can look up at the majesty of the heavens
and pick out well-known individuate planets
and stars or we can metaphorically adjust
our focus - widen our lens and see the Milky
Way as one object (Parmenides The One.) To do so is a neurological convenience
- a useful cognitive fiction. And so it must
remain until cosmologists can convince us
the the whole of what exists is one huge
object bereft of spatial interstices. Thus
we ontologically toggle between
individuates and conglomerates.
What is involved [and treasured by Platonists]
is the notion of vagueness [so beloved of transcendentalists] Such traditional
denominational fuzziness as promulgated by
our institutions of education, the media
and the church is to a large extent
accepted by the people in the street unquestionably.
It is only when the little by little example or experience of the incremental
growth of collections comes into play, i.
e., identifying the precise moment at which
a certain number of individuate grains become
a heap that the abstractive concept of suddenly
seems to be illuminated in our minds.
The nouns employed such as cloud, heap, pile, stack, rick, collection,
aggregation, accumulation, etc., can also be universally applied to
a myriad of different entities, which further
complicates the ontology of collectives.
This consideration of piles of sand may seem
very much an esoteric waste of time comparable
with examining ones own bellybutton - but
such is not the case. The ramifications for
philosophy are tremendous, for universals and properties and essences, etc., are the very underpinning upon
which religion, transcendentalist beliefs
and so-called continental philosophy are
founded.
Another approach is to use a multi-valued
logic. The problem is with the principle
of bivalence: the sand, the bricks, the bottles
is either a heap or is not a heap, without any ontological shades of grey.
Instead of two logical states, heap and not- heap.
Perhaps surprisingly, the way I see it language per se doesn't exist - only the
human lingual holism (the enbrained body)
exists. There is no gradually accumulating:
heap of language, but rather a developing holism
able to extend more elaborate neurological
connections, networks and systems in order
to stimulate and create an increasing complexity
of meaningful noises in the laryngeal area,
and to exist in states of neurophysical purposefulness,
with which it attributes specific noises
as indicating certain entities in its environment,
and other noises which help in commenting
upon or describing the activity of passivity
of those entities with which we share our
world..
In other words the abstraction language is one of the ways [very important ways]
in which humans exist, and as human beings
develop and change the ways in which they
exist the meaningful noises they emit change
[in their significance and complexity] too.
To a nominalist therefore the sorites
paradox is not a paradox at all, but simply
an illustration of ontological error. A
vocabulary does not actually exist in relation
to the question of at what point proto-communication
(the grunts of a caveman) can described as
a language, for what is taking place is not some incremental
addition to a descripto-nominological heap of language, (significata) but changes in the vocally empowered human
holism in the way it exists.
This general nominalist observation can be
extended to the whole cosmos in relation
to the primitive human concepts of beginnings
and ends. Just as language doesnt begin at
some particular stage in human development,
when it is deemed that sufficient words have
accumulated in the nominological heap to allow latter-day anthropologists to judge
the collection worthy of the sobriquet; language
- so in a similar way, that which exists
in what we call the cosmos had no beginning,
and will have no end, for what is happening
is individuate entitic CHANGE - not cosmic
accrual or depletion [when sufficient matter
is calculated or heaped to be called a cosmos]
neither does the cosmos have an end where
the material decreases to such a stage is
reached that it no longer qualifies according
to the judgement of the human brain, which
pronounces material insufficiency, Of course
I too have veered off into the wild blue
yonder of metaphysics for patently no such
humans would be around to do anything at
all when the last stages of cosmic implosion
and explosive renewal were immanent.
Of course like all things abstractional it
is far easier to speak of cosmic change - but the sociology of convenient human
behaviour is NOT what I am discussing -
I am not attempting to describes communicative
human behaviourism, I am addressing
what EXISTS and what DOESNT EXIST.
The fact that humans think in these old-fashioned
ways is understandable, for since we became
thinking beings we have observed an unceasing
process of apparent (phenomenological) beginnings and ends. Day dawns and the day begins - night falls
and day ends. A child is born and begins
its life - the man dies and ends and animation
ceases. It is only natural that amongst primitives
it will appear that there is a beginning
and an end to everything - within the parameters
of their own insignificant lives [which TO
THEM are extremely significant. What is missed
is the fact of the matter - beginnings and ends are an illusion - what is in fact happening
is a constant change in the ways that entities
exist and the mereological entiatic impingements
of matergic objects that form, coalesce
and disperse.
Because one of the conditions of organic
change is the eventual degradation of the
constitutive community as far as humans are
concerned it results in a termination of
any awareness of the environment [a state
which humans call death] Now this event [whilst very dramatic for
humans] is just another instance of the change
which is the engine of the way that which
exists exists. So what is the engine of CHANGE?
For me the engine of change, the existential imperative,
is the dissipation and renewal of energised
material. Such changing existential
states are in some way connected with the
nature of the mereological combinations in
which they sometimes exist as they join and eventually
leave these communities. I think that the
eternal process of accumulation of parts
that eventually produces life until there is something which we humans
call life is an example of this mereological barn-dance
of coming together and splitting up.
Design is not necessary and these processes
can be explained as entities coming together
in the easiest ways possible i.e. - those
ways which result in the most minimum matergic
loss or conversely associating in ways which
result in the most matergic gain [nuclear
explosions, etc.]
An interferring Deus ex Machina would only mess-up a perfectly natural process.
Creation ex Nihilo? Forget it! Nothingness is impossible - Heideggerian juvenilia. Mereological
complexity exists, has always existed and
will always exist. There was never any job for a God to do - no ontological job vacancy exists for any of the gods and godlets of humankind.
I conceive of life as simply an existential modality of the
mereological conglomerate that we call the
human holism. The perfectly natural processes
of action and interaction which take place
between the members of this community of
the highest primates. For me the existential state which we call
life is an inevitable result of the energetic
relationships that take place within certain
mereologies in a given physical environment
[optimal distance from the sun, etc.] The
fact that human organisms have developed
to such a stage where they exist in communicative
states and modes which allow inter-human
colloquy is no more awe-inspiring that
the mechanisms of the smallest organic particle
of which the human is the macro-mereological
manifestation.
The individuate members of the human race
may be thought of as parts in a mereological swarm. How many humans does it need to make a crowd, etc?
Yes, I have my nominalist agenda after all
and I admit it. The nominological nets
we cast upon the world reflect our
own position our concerns, needs and ontological
commitment.
I have always needed a position - it hurts
my butt to sit on a onto-philosophical fence.
References.
1. McGaughey. Douglas R. Heideggers Ontological Difference in Light
of Aristotles Dynamis and Energeia Some Theological
Implications. http://www.chora-strangers.org/files/chora/mcgaughey_1998.pdf
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