1.1 Sanskrit is Dead
Sanskrit is for all intents and purposes, a dead language. The Brahmans are in the habit of glorifying the era of Anglo-Brahman colonialism; yet even during this `golden age' of Sanskritology when the likes of Max Mueller helped propagate the study of Sanskrit throughout the world, a mere handful of people spoke it. Nor was it, even during the hypothesised `Gupta Golden Age' spoken outside the closely knit circle of Brahmins, who jealously hid all knowledge, including that of Sanskrit, to themselves. As will be shown later on, nor did it exist during the Vedic Dark Age; Sanskrit arose as a mongrel language much later on. As per the 1951 Census, out of a total population of 362 million Indians, only 555 spoke Sanskrit ! Even languages like Italian and Hebrew, spoken by a handful of travellers, were more widely spoken than `Mother Sanskrit' ! This is evident from the following table :

Number of Speakers as per 1951 Census ( Chat. 73-74 )

The 1921 Census of India reveals that a whole 356 people spoke the language in the entire Indian subcontinent, during what is considered a `Golden Age' for Sanskrit revival, the era of Anglo-Brahmin colonialism. Several obscure languages had many more speakers than `Mother Sanskrit' :

Language No. of Speakers Reference Sanskrit 356 Grierson, I, p. 400 Andamanese 580 Grierson, I, p. 390 Nicobarese 8662 Grierson, I, p. 390 Khasi 204103 Grierson, I, p. 390 Bhotia 231885 Grierson, I, p. 391 Naga 338634 Grierson, I, p. 394

Number of Speakers as per 1921 Census

During the same 1921 Census, the number of speakers of Indo-Aryan Languages was 229.561 million.

1.2 Brahmin Fantasies
When European scholars developed an interest in India, their main focus was to understand Indian religion. Thus, their primary source in all fields of Indology were the Brahmins. These fundamentalists hence became the main source of `knowledge' about first Indian religion, and later all of Indology in general. Hence the entire field of Indology dating from the colonial era has been highly biased, being essentially a regurgitated version of Vedic-Puranic versions of history as seen through the eyes of the Brahmins. As this section of the population forms a mere 5 % of the Indian population, these histories have been very unrepresentative of the truth. Thus, Indian linguistics in its infancy adopted the mythological Brahmanical notion that all languages were degraded forms of Sanskrit. Sanskrit, a language which was merely liturgical and hardly played any role in Indian history, all of a sudden became the focus of attention. Indeed, this Brahminist fraud, now referred to as `The Mother Sanskrit Theory', is one of the greatest hoaxes of the 20th century.

Tall claims were made about this language. Sanskrit became the `mother of all languages in India', and it soon came to be believed that all literatures in the world, including Greek, Latin, etc. were derived frm Sanskrit ! All these Brahmin fantasies were eagerly copied down by their European collaborators, who placed these absurdities in academic garb. Max Mueller and William Jones were only the pioneers in this movement, which, whilst displaying a superficial novelty in Europe, were in fact based on Puranic notions. Virtually all efforts of the European colonialists towards studying India were devoted towards studying Brahmanism; non-Sanskrit civilizations were given scarcely any attention. This was, in a sense, a reward granted by the Europeans for services rendered by the Brahmins, who had actively collaborated with the colonialists. This hangover continues today, and even now `Indology' virtually means the study of Sanskrit and Brahmanic civilization; Dravidian, Indo-Muslim and Prakritic civilizations are blissfully ignored. It is all the more shocking that some European scholars still actively collaborate in propagating plainly false Puranic theories. Thus recently, certain deluded Europeans have made the following statements :

David Frawley said, " It [ Sanskrit ] has been regarded as the best language for computers because of its clarity." [ Myth, Ch. 24 ]. Those familiar with David Frawley know him as an avid propagator of Brahmin Vedic and Puranic fallacies, such as the Puranic `Out of India' hypothesis. According to the Forbes magazine (July, 1987), "Sanskrit is the most convenient language for somputer software programming". The import is to somehow build a halo around Brahmanic Sanskrit. However, why Sanskrit has not then replaced established computer languages such as Basic, C, Pascal or Fortran are not answered. Computers still utilise binary code and no Sanskrit-based counting system. Nor have humans adopted the binary system in which computers can calculate so well; we are all quite satisfied with the decimal system, which is of Harappan-Sumerian origin. This Mother Sanskrit Theory (MST) then, arose during the Anglo-Brahmin colonial era when the Europeans adopted Brahmanic Vedic and Puranic theories of Indian history and civilization. As per this now discredited theory, Sanskrit is the `Mother of all World Langauges'. This model has now been discredited, but a variant of the MST still pervades Indian linguistics, namely the claim that `Sanskrit is the Mother of all Indian languages'. Unfortunately, the MST is still being taught in Indian universities as a hangover from the Colonial era. Elaborate family trees are still drawn up; of which a simplified version for Indian languages generally taught today in the North can be drawn up : MOTHER SANSKRIT THEORY (MST)

                Sanskrit / \ Prakrit Pali / Apabrahmsa / / \ Bengali Hindi Marathi

Thus, as per this theory, Sanskrit somehow developed into Prakrit, simultaneously developing into Pali. Prakrit then somehow developed into Apabrahmsa, which then developed into the modern Indo-Aryan languages. Sanskrit was supposedly the spoken language during the much-hyped `Golden Age of Indian Culture', the Gupta Empire, and was supposedly the vernacular during the Vedic Age. Thus, all Indo-Aryan languages are seen as being mere derivatives of Sanskrit. Unfortunately, this wrong and highly biased view still persists in many encyclopedias. This MST is refuted below.

1.3 Non-Existsnce of Sanskrit Before 500 BC
The prime fact which has been suppressed by the Anglo-Brahmin elite is that Sanskrit did not exist prior to the 6th century BC. This circumstance is evident from the following points :

Vedas - The word `Sanskrit' does not occur anywhere in the Vedas. Not a single verse mentions this word as denoting a language.

Chandasa - The Vedic language was referred to as Chandasa even by Panini himself [ Chatt., p. 63 ], and not as `Sanskrit'.

Buddha - The Buddha was advised to translate his teachings into the learned man's tongue - the `Chandasa' standard [ Chatt., p. 64 ], there is no mention of any `Sanskrit'. The Buddha refused, preferring the Prakrits. There is not even a single reference in any contemporary Buddhist texts to the word `Sanskrit'. This shows that Sanskrit did not even exist at the time of the Buddha and that the people at that period, even the Brahmins themselves, were not aware of themselves as speaking `Sanskrit'; they referred to their language as `Chandasa'.

Ramayana - The word `Sanskrit' occurs for the first time as referring to a language in the Ramayana : "In the latter [Ramayana] the term `samskrta' "formal, polished", is encountered, probably for the first time with reference to the language"

-- [ EB 22 `Langs', p. 616 ] It is to be noted that extant versions of the Ramayana date only to the centuries AD.

Asokan Script - The first inscriptions in Indian history are in Prakrit and not in Sanskrit. These are by the Mauryan King Ashoka (c. 273 BC - 232 BC ), and number over 30. They date to the 4th century BC. The script utilised is not `sacred' Devanagari, and the language is not `Mother' Sanskrit. They are mostly in the Brahmi script, while 2 inscriptions are in Kharoshtri. They are in various Prakrits and some in Afghanistan are in Greek and Aramaic [ Bas,. p. 390-1 ]. In fact all inscriptions in India were in Prakrit till the early centuries AD : "[T]he earlier inscriptions up to the 1st century AD, were all in Prakrit"

-- [ Up., p. 164 ]

Satavahana Inscriptions - The Satavahanas, the first historical dynasty of the Deccan, also used a Prakrit language. There is no usage of Sanskrit. The Nagarjunikonda insrciptions are by the Satvahana king Vijaya Satakarni in the early 3rd cetnruy AD & end with the Ikshvaku Rudrapurusadatta who ruled for 11 years in the second quarter of the 4th century. Most of the large number of inscriptions are in Prakrit and only a few belonging to Ehuvulu Santamula are in Sanskrit (he ruled during the last 24 years of the 3rd to the early 4th century AD ) but even most of his inscriptions are in Prakrit and those which are in Sasnkrit are heavily influenced by Prakrit [ Bhatt., p. 408 ftn. 46 ].

The Nanaghat cave inscriptions in Poona distt. are in Prakrit and are the work of the Satavahana Satakarni I. They have been dated to the first half of the 1st century BC. The contemporary relgiion of this region was Vedic. Indra and Vasudev are mentioned as the Vedic gods then worshipped [ Bas, p. 395 ]. The later cave inscriptions of Nasik in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD are in the local Prakrit [ Bas, p. 395 ]. Thus, although the Vedic religion was followed in the Satavahana regions, Sanksrit was not in use.

Gandhari - Even Gandhari existed prior to Sanskrit. The Pali Dhammapada in Gandhari was discovered at Khotan in Kharoshtri script. It dates to the 1st or 2nd century AD. A Gandhari insrcription was discovered on a copper casket containing relics of the Lord Sakyamuni [ Bas, p. 393 ].

Kharavela's Kalinga Inscription - Kharavela's Kalingan inscription of the 1st century BC were in a Prakrit of the east indian type. Interseting is the first mention of the word Bharatavarsha in an inscription. Kharavela is described as invading Bharatavarsha, which then evidently denoted only North India [ Bas, p. 393 ].

First Sanskrit Inscription : 150 AD - The earliest inscription in Sanskrit is by the Saka Mahakshatrapa Rudradaman at Junagarh in Gujarat dated to AD 150. However, even here several of the words are wrong according to Sanskrit grammatical rules, some words show Prakrit influence and a few are un-Paninian [ Bas 397-8 ]. This inscription is several centuries later than the earliest Prakrit inscriptions, and are the creation of Sakas, not Arya kings.

1.4 Refutation of the Mother Sanskrit Theory (MST) As usual, the load of Sanskrit-centric theories were a heap of nonsense. The following developments have been instrumental in overturning the old colonial reverence for the language :

Brajbuli dates to 1000 BC - A central assumption of the MST is that all Prakrit vernaculars must be of a very late date. With the first mention of `Sanskrit' in a Ramayana dating to the ealy centuries AD, any Prakrit existing prior to this necessarily contradicts the Mother Sanskrit Theory. Indeed, even the Brahmanic myths themselves present evidence of this with the Prakrit Brajbuli. Brajabuli, the precursor to the modern Braj Bhasa, is said to have been used by Krishna and the gopis of Vraja (Vrindavan, whence Braj) and it was thus popular amongst Vaishnava poets [ Assam, p. 422. n3 ]. Krishna is dated to ca. 1000 BC, and this internal evidence would imply that Braj Bhasa dated to 1000 BC. Recently, Krishna's city, Dvaraka, has been excavated, showing that he probably was a historical person. The stories are hence based on fact, and this evidence cannot be dismissed as a `myth'.

`Prakrit' = Vernacular - The term `Prakrta' or Prakrit means `common', `natural', while the term `Samskrta' or Sanskrit natural means `polsihed, refined' [ Up. 164 ]. Thus Prakrit refers to any of the natural languages, while Sanskrit refers to the `purified' language. This etymology itself indicates that Sanskrit is derived from Prakrit rather than the other way around. This necessarily implies that Sanskrit is, like Old Church Slavonic, a polished version of various vernaculars.

Apabrahmsa is a Prakrit - Apabrahmsa, which in the MST is seen as a derivative of Prakrit, is in fact itself a Prakrit known as Abhiri. It was actually comtemporary with all the other Prakrits, and the view that it succeeded Prakrit is wrong. Several dramas have characters speaking Apabrahmsa and Prakrits side by side. This shows that Apabrahmsa is not the second stage in the development from Sanskrit, but was merely another Prakrit language.

Different Prakrit Languages - Prakrit is not a single language. Since the beginning there were several different Prakrit languages, which had different grammars and dictionaries.

Modern Prakrits - As per the MST, the Prakrits are all dead languages, having `degraded' into the modern Indo-Aryan tongues. However, Prakrits never disappeared. All the modern Indo-Aryan (IA) languages are Prakrits (Bengali, Marathi etc.). The ancient Prakrits are the direct precursors of the modern languages, thus Vangi - Bengali, Odri - Oriya, and Maharastri - Marathi. All these so-called `Prakrits' such as Vangi, Odri and Maharastri, can all be understood by the speakers of their respective IA languages with the same ease with which a modern speaker of English can understand Anglo-Saxon. This fact alone is sufficient to refute the MST. Far from being dead, Prakrit is still spoken in all parts of India just as it has been for thousands of years. The word Prakrit itself merely means `natural' and refers to all the Indo-Iranian languages as spoken by the common man in India. Thus, even the literal meaning of the word `Prakrit' implies that it is far from dead.

Prakrit Older than Sanskrit - The MST claims that Sanskrit is older than Prakrit. However, it is Prakrit which is older than Sanskrit, since several features of Prakrit can be traced to the Rig Veda, which are not found in Sanskrit. This is because Chandasa, when invented by the Brahmins ca. 5th century BC, was a refined form of vernacular IA langueages, thereby losing certain features which were preserved in Prakrit.

Other features - Pali poses another problem for the MST. As per the MST, it is an independant derivation from Sanskrit, and is not a Prakrit. However, Pali is in fact a dialect of Magadhi Prakrit and not a separate language as evidenced by the mutual comprehensibility between these two tongues.

The Prakrits can be understood by the respective speakers of modern Indo-Aryan languages, ie. Vangi can be understood by modern Bengali speakers, Odri Prakrit can be understood by modern Oriyas, Maharashtri Prakrit can be understood by modern Marathis yet in the Sanskritic viewpoint Prakrits are dead.

1.5 Brahman Invention of Sanskrit, The Liturgical Language The lack of a standard liturgical language was a grave defect for the 6 orthodox (`astika') schools of Brahmanism (comprising Aryan Vaishnavism, Vedanta, Yoga, Vedism, etc.). With the rise of `nastika' heterodxies, ie. Jainism (`jainas'), Buddhism (`bauddhas'), etc. (collectively referred to as `Sramanism') associated with East Indic kingdoms, the Aryans of Aryavarta & Brahmavarta sought to counter this novel threat to Vedic orthodoxy by introducing a standard litugical language (perhaps in emulation of the Buddhist Pali and Jain Ardhamagadhi). The state of Panchala played a central role in this process. This nation arose in the 8-9th centuries BC and united different groups speaking North Indic and Midland Indo-Aryan languages. It is here that Panini created the `chandas' language. Soon thereafter the label `samskrta' (polished, whence later Sanskrit) was applied to this liturgical language. Thus Sanskrit is a synthesis of several languages:

Vedic Languages : Rigvedic Samvedic Atharvic and Yajurvedic Brahmanic, the language of the Brahmanas Upanishadic, the language of the Upanishads North Indo-Aryan languages, eg. Bal Sarasvati (the precursor of Konkani), Gandharvi (the precursor of Gandhari), etc. Midland Indo-Aryan languages, eg. Braj buli (the language of Krishna and Matsyi (the precursor of Sauraseni).

In this regard the origin of Sanskrit is exactly analogous to that of Old Church Slavonic.

1.6 Mother of None The Mother Sanskrit Theory (MST) has been now discarded. A new tree diagram can now be drawn.

___________ Indo - Iranian _____________ / / \ \ \ Indo-Aryan East Indic Dardic Scythic Iranic / \ \ \ (East Iranic) \ Vedic Madhyi Udicyi Pracyi \ \ / Bibhasas Bibhasa \ Rajastani Sanskrit / \ Lahnda, Languages / \ Old Sindhi / \ Kanauji Sauraseni Gandhari Magadhi Vangi / (extinct) \ Braj Bhasa Magahi Bengali Kamrupi / \ \ Braj Bhakhta Khari Boli Assamese

                                                            [ P R A K R I T S ]

The dialect of Pracya was the one current is what is now Oudh and Eastern U. P. and probably also Bihar. This language was prevalent among the vratyas who were wandering Aryan-speaking tribes who did not owe allegiance to the Vedic fire-cult and the social and religious organisation of Brahmanism [ Chatt., p. 61 ].

Encyclopedia Britannica now acknowledge that the old MST is discarded:

" As Classical Sanskrit is not directly derivable from any single Vedic dialect, so the Prakrits cannot be said to derive directly from Classical Sanskrit"

-- [ EB 22 `lang ', p. 618 ]

1.7 Comparison with Old Church Slavonic Thus, Classical Sanskrit is exactly analogous to the Old Church Slavonic language [ EB 22.696 ], which was created in 863 AD by Orthodox Slavs to counteract the effect of the Latin Catholic Church. Old Church Slavonic was a synthesis of West Slavic languages and Byzantine Greek. This occurred in the Moravian kingdom, which united West Slavs in the 9th century AD. Thus, both Sanskrit and Old Church Slavonic arose as syntheses of various languages and both arose as standard liturgical languages to counter heterodoxies.

1.8 Consequences of the MST & Sanskritisation The MST and the Brahminist policy of Sanskritisation had several disastrous consequences for pre-Brahmanic civlizations :

Undermining of Pre-Brahmanic Langauges - The MST had the debilitating effect of undermining pre-brahmanic languages and caused great harm to these vernaculars. The modern Indo-Aryan languages were viewed as `degraded', since they were merely distorted forms of Sanskrit. This led to most Indians developing a dislike for their own mother tongue.

Destruction of Non-Brahmin History - The Indo-Aryan languages were viewed as being recent in origin, since each vernacular and its respective Prakrit were seen as separate languages. Thus, instead of accepting the fact of these languages originating in 1000 BC, the MST held that Bengali, Marathi, Oriya etc. were born between

1400-1500 AD ! Thus, instead of being respected for having histories of 3000 years, these languages with a rich history were denigrated as recent innovations.

Cultural Genocide - Since these languages (Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, etc.) were viewed as being merely degraded forms of Sanskrit, the MST naturally led to the idea of abolishing these languages and replacing them with Sanskrit. Since these languages were supposedly of recent origin, having been spoken only for the last 300-500 years, whereas Sanskrit had been purportedly spoken for 3500 years, this seemed a natural conclusion. Such concepts have been adopted by the Sangh Parivar, which seeks to abolish all Prakritic languages and replace them with Sanskrit.

Hampering of Development - Sanskritisation hampered the free development of these languages, since they had to depend on Sankrit vocabulaery and literary models. The vernaculars were deliberately corrupted with excessive Sanskritisation. In many cases, the indigenous languages have been undermined and are nearing extinction. The native Marathi script has been replaced by Devanagari during the Anglo-Brahmin Empire; Bhojpuri, Magahi, Mithili and Koshali have all been replaced by Khari Boli Hindi, Bengali was Sanskritised and undermined in the early part of the 20th century, being saved only by Tagore; and Rajasthani is nearing extinction, with the Brahmins having obliterated the Mahajani script. Everywhere, the advance of Brahmanic Khari Boli Hindi is evident, which in the MST is considered `purer' as being closer to Sanskrit than the `degraded' vernaculars it is replacing.

1.9 Sanskrit is 30 % Dravidian Many authors have made the fallacious claim that Sanskrit is the purest of languages. In fact, Sanskrit has many Dravidian loanwords, and many Prakritisms. Thus, " Classical Sanskrit was profoundly influenced by Middle Indo-Aryan [ ie. Prakrits ]. Not only were a large number of Middle Indo-Ayan words adopted into Sanskrit, but a whole host of Prakrit root and verbal bases of both Aryan and non-Aryan or uncertain origin were slightly altered to look like Sanskrit and bodily adopted... This was realised by the ancient scholars with whom Sanskrit represented just a variant, an earlier or fuller form (patha) of Prakrit. "

-- [ Chatt., p. 95 ] Some scholars hold that more than 50 % of the vocabulary of Sanskrit is of Dravidian and foreign origin; thus Lahovery writes that the vocabulary of Sanskrit "is largely formed of Dravidian and other loanwords" [ Lah., p. 407 on Wool ]. The composition of Sanskrit vocabulary can be approximately given by :

70 % Non-Vedic

40 % Dravidian

30 % Prakrits and Others

30 % Vedic (Old Indo-Aryan)

Chapter 2

Defects of Sanskrit Vocabulary

The archaic nature of Sanskrit is evident in its vocabulary, which is highly synonymic, homonymic and hermaphroditic and its compounding nature. All these features render the language highly unsuited to communication and unfit for usage as a vernacular or language of science.

2.1 Synonymism Synonymism refers to the case of several different words denoting one and the same thing. Some languages exhibit this to a slight degree, others to a greater. In the case of Sanskrit, this is carried to the bizarrely ultimate extreme. There are frequently more than a dozen names for one and the same object, rendering Sanskrit utter confustion counfounded. As an example, consider the following two Sanskrit words, each having more than 10 meanings -

bhag (16) portion, part, share, fragment, fortune, wealth fraction, destiny, degree, one division, wish, luck, happiness, sun, moon, vagina [ All. Ch. 95 ]

krishna (11) black, dark blue, a species of deeer, a crow, a cuckoo, a sinful deed, pepper, iron, kohl, wicked, the god Vishnu [ All. Ch. 321 ]

This feature of synonymism renders Sanskrit texts a confused bundle of contradictions. Even the clearest statements become demented vaporisations, rendering any passage vague and subject to different interpretations.

2.2 Homonymism This refers to case in which several words of the same sound and perhaps the same pronounciation have different meanings. On its own this feature hampers understanding, but when coupled with synonymism this leads to the language becoming totally incomprehensible. For, in this case one and the same thing is denoted by several words, and those same words then denote a host of other objects. Such languages, denoted as homo-synonymic, are the most incomprehensible of all. Often a writer of a text in such a language gives, after a certain period of time, a totally different meaning from what he himself had written. Sanskrit belongs to the extreme hom-synonymic category. It comes as little surprise that there is utter confustion regarding the exact meaning of Sanskrit works, and even scientific texts in mathematics are highly ambiguous in meaning.

2.3 Hermaphriditism Hermaphroditism refers to those languages which do not distinguish between genders. This is a suitable simplification, but Sanskrit in its usual fantastic contortions possesses different grammatical forms for different genders, yet does not distinguish between different genders in other cases ! For example, numerous names are applied indiscriminatley to males and females:

Aindri - patronymic of Arjun son of Indra

- name of Durga [ All. Ch., p. 905 ]

Anushtup - name of Sarasvati

- one of the 7 horses of Surya [ All. Ch., p. 910 ]

Aruni - name of son of Arun

- female form assumed by Arun [ All. Ch., p. 912 ]

Arya - name of son of Manu Savarni

- name of Parvati [ All. Ch., p. 912 ]

Asuri - name of a sage of the Sankhya school [ All. Ch., p. 914 ]

- any female Asur (Assyrian or Semite)

Atri - name of a sage who composed some Vedic hymns [ All. Ch., p. 914 ]

- also a common female name

Ayati - daughter of Mt. Meru

- son of king Nahush [ All. Ch., p. 915 ]

Bhadra - name of the brother of Balarama, also a jester of Rama name of Shiv

- daughter of Kekay, an epithet of Durga [ All. Ch., p. 918 ].

Bhag - epithet of Surya, and a son of Kashyap and Aditi and one of 12 Adityas [ All. Ch. 918 ]

- also applied to the female genitals [ All. Ch., p. 95 ].

Bhanu - name of Nisha, wife of Agni Manu

- nam of Vishnu and son of Krishna [ All. Ch., p. 930 ].

Danu - daughter of Daksh

- son of Kashyap and Pradha [ All. Ch., p. 930 ]

Devyoni - demigods [ All. Ch., p. 934 ]

- also `heavenly vagina'

Dhriti - daughter of Daksha

- son of a Yadav prince [ All. Ch., p. 936 ]

Dipti - name of Vishvadev

- common female name

Gandhari - name of Shakuni, prince of Gandhara

- wife of Dhritarasthra [ All. Ch., p. 946 ]

Hari - name of Vishnu

- daughter of Kashyap by Krodhvusha [ All. Ch., p. 951 ]

Kali - lord of Kaliyuga, reborn as Duryodhana [ All. Ch., p. 965 ]

- the name of the famous mother-goddess

Kama - wife of Puru

- god of love [ All. Ch., p. 967 ]

Krishna - name of Draupadi since she was dark, Durga

- male god incarnation of Vishnu [ All. Ch., p. 977 ].

Satya - wife of Krishna

- sage in Yudhishitra's palace [ All. Ch., p. 1024 ]

Shakti - sage, son of Vasishta by Arundhati his wife

- goddess Durga [ All. Ch., p. 1027 ].

Shanti - daughter of Daksh by his wife Prasuti

- sage, son of Rishi Angira [ All. Ch., p. 1029 ]

Sumitra - name of the last king of the Solar dynasty

- wife of king Dasarath and mother of Laxman [ All. Ch., p. 1043 ]

Satya - wife of Krishna

- sage in Yudhishitra's palace [ All. Ch., p. 1024 ]

Shakti - sage, son of Vasishta by Arundhati his wife

- goddess Durga [ All. Ch., p. 1027 ].

Shanti - daughter of Daksh by his wife Prasuti

- sagte, son of Rishi Angira [ All. Ch., p. 1029 ]

Subahu - apsara daughter of Kashyap by his wife Pradha

- sage, son of Kashyap by his wife Kadru, king at the time of Yudhishitra [ All. Ch., p. 1039 ]

Shaibya - king of Shibis, Govasan

- daughter of king of Shibis, name of many queens [ All. Ch., p. 1026 ]

Siddhi - name of Agni and also of Shiv

- goddess reborn as Kunti, mother of the Pandavas [ All. Ch., p. 1037 ]

Sudama - king of Dasharn

- name of a Matrika (mother-goddes) attending Kartikey [ All. Ch., p. 1040 ]

Sudeshna - son of Krishna by his wife Rukmini [ All. Ch., p. 1040 ]

- wife of King of Virat, also wife of king of Bali

Suyagya - minister of king Dasrath

- daughter of King Prasenjit [ All. Ch., p. 1046 ]

Sumitra - name of the last king of the Solar dynasty

- wife of king Dasarath and mother of Laxman [ All. Ch., p. 1043 ]

Vairati - prince Uthar

- daughter of king VIrat [ All. Ch., p. 1054 ]

Vasvi - patronymic of Arjun and Bali

- patronymic of Satyavati [ All. Ch., p. 1058 ]

Vidhyujjihva - son of Kashyap and Kalha

- matrika of Kartik [ All. Ch., p. 1062 ]

It is thus evident that one and the same Sanskrit name, with the same pronounciation, can be applied to either a man or a woman. This has suited the Brahmins, who fraudulently claim that several of the Vedic seers were in fact women. This has helped them in their claim of a `Vedic Golden Age' in which women were supposedly treated very well. The Brahmin inventions of Vedic sati, female infanticide, dowry and bride-burning are all blatantly denied. Many of those supposed brilliant Vedic `women' had ambiguous names like those given above.

2.4 Compound Vocabulary This refers to the compounding of words to inordinate lengths. Sanskrit, the wonder of distortions and wild fallacies of linguistic madness, is highly compounding. So long are some Sanskrit words that they often extend to more than one page ! This does not refer to one sentence running over a page (some German authors have accomplished this feat); the reference is to a single one word. It is little wonder then, that Sanskrit has been given the title `disease of language' [ Walk ]. There are several reasons why Sanskrit displays such irrational grammar, vocabulary and phonology:

Unscientific Mysticism - The Aryans and Brahmins in particular held on to power by maintaining a stronghold over knowledge and refusing it to the native races. Thus, Sanskrit was deliberately created so as to confuse and obscure any knowledge. Unfortunately this backfired since the Brahmins themselves lost all knowledge they developed. By pretending to understand Sanskrit, they also gained the admiration of the simple native Indians. Thus they invented more and more cryptic words to confound the Dasoos. Suppression of Heresies - The harsh panalties for even minor deviations from Brahmanism or Aryan Vaishnavite Orthodoxy were reminiscent of the Medieval Church. Thus, the pre-Aryan religions of Shaivism, Shaktism and Tantrism were severely persecuted, as were the Buddhists and Jains. The followers of these heresies were forced to `encode' their scriptures in cryptic Sanskrit in order to avoid detection. This is also the reason why Buddhists later invented Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit. They were severely persecuted by bloodthirsty Brahminist tyrants such as the Brahmin Pusyamitra Sunga, Sasanka of Gauda, and many other kings as a result of which they had to hide the true intent of their scriptures behind Sanskrit. Aryan Invasions - The Aryans who invaded India in 1500 BC, destroying the Semito-Negroid (Das-Panian) Indus Valley civilization, entered in several waves. Thus, when Panini created Sanskrit in ca. 500 BC, it was a confused synthesis of several Indo-Aryan langauges. In fact Vedic was not one language, but consisted of the many different languages spoken by the various marauding tribes. As a result, Sanskrit is a confused mongrel language, a bastard mixture of incoherent tongues. Indeed, more than one-third of Sanskrit vocabulary is of Dravidian origin. Free Time - The Brahmins had nothing to do, living on a system of tremendous extortion and plunder of native populations They hence created a more and more useless language by inventing more and more difficult words and letters. Devadasis - The huge temples played a great role in the formation of Sanskrit. Large numbers of women of all races, especially Sudrani Negresses, who were ravished and enslaved by the Aryan invaders, were forced by the cruel Brahmins into immoral prostitution. The non-Aryan women were also raped by their monstrous Brahmin pimps, who kept the helpless Dravidian women in the huge prison-temples of Vishnu. Their mongrel offspring are the Tamil Brahmins of today, and their bastard language is the Sanskrit of today. It is in these giant brothels that Sanskrit arose, and hence Sanskrit is a bastard language, containing a confused jumble of elements of various languages (Vedic, Dravidian, Mon-Khmer, etc.). It has been estimated that 30 - 50 % of Sanskrit is of Dravidian etymology alone, with only 20-39 % being of Vedic origin [ Wool ]. In short, Sanskrit is descended partly from the speech of the uncultured barbaric Vedic Aryans who destroyed the Indus Valley civilization, and partly from the speech of the giant brothel-temples of Brahmin India. It thus naturally displaying primitive features, and is an incoherent mixture of disparate tongues.

The Grotesque Grammar of Sanskrit

ight Cases The linguistic history of mankind is characterized by a general development from ancient complexity to a simplified nature. A mathematical way of describing this trend is by noting the decrease in the number of grammatical cases in use as time passes by. Thus, while Proto-Germanic had 6 cases, Modern German only has 4 and modern Hindustani only 2. The most archaic language, Proto-Indo-European, had 8 cases. Sanskrit, which also has 8 cases, is thus a member of the most primitive language class in the world:

3.2 Comparison with Other Languages In an objective mathematical arrangement of Sanskrit in the hierarchy of primitive and advanced languages, Sanskrit immediately falls into the most primitive category, as is evident from the following table :

Stage Language Number of Cases

Language Number of Cases Archaic 7-8 Proto-Indo-European 8 [ EB 22 `Lang.' 659 ] Sanskrit 8 [ EB 22 `Lang.' 659 ] Proto-Slavic ( & most Slavic) 7 [ EB 22.698 ] Medial Stage 4-6 Proto-Germanic 6 [ EB 22.659 ] Modern Russian 6 [ EB 10.256 ] Latin 6 [ EB 22.647 ] Modern German 4 Bengali 4-6 [ EB 2.100 ] Old English 4 [ EB 22.677 ] Highly Developed 2-3 Romanian 2 [ EB 22.647 ] Old French 2 [ EB 22.647 ] Gujarati 3 [ EB 5.563 ] English 2 Mughali (colloquial Urdu) 2

Moreover, Sanskrit possesses a highly complex system of inflection which has been discarded all over the world. English, Mughali (Urdu) & Hindustani have all discarded the ancient inflected systems, as have virtually all the vernaculars of India. A complex grammar is never an indicator of the richness of a language, rather a cumbersome grammar indicates a less evolved state. Thus the Bushmen languages have a highly complex grammar involving `click' sounds, but nobody except Bushmen claim that these languages are very rich. An exactly similar situation holds for Sanskrit, with only bigoted Brahmins claiming that Sanskrit is `superior'.

3.3 Phonology The phonology (sound system) of Sanskrit is also highly compiicated. The ancient barbaric Indo-Aryans had, besides warfare, little else to do. Their pandits, living on a system of free subsidy, spent time devising new sounds and a more and more complicated language & script. Thus there are 4 different types of `n', 4 types of `sh' and various types of `s'. Minor changes in the pronounciation of these sounds completely changes the meaning of words, leading to much confusion. Because of its extremely complicated grammar and cumbersome phonology it is virtually certain that Sanskrit was ever a widely spoken language, current among the general populace. It was only restricted to the fanatic Brahmins, who still clandestinely employ it in their homes.

Devanagari and Its Defects 

The Devanagari script, the `most holy and revered form of writing' which Brahmanism has forced upon the masses, suffers from several severe defects :

Slow Speed of Writing - Writing in Dev Nagari is much slower compared to other scripts. Slow Speed of Reading - Reading text in Devanagari takes much longer compared to other scripts. Large Number of Alphabets - Devanagari has more than 500 alphabets; hence printing in Devanagari is highly expensive. Illiteracy - Wherever the Brahmins enforced the Devanagari script, the entire population sank into gross ignorance. In fact, Devanagari and Sanskrit were created by the Brahmins for that purpose only - namely, the destruction of pre-Brahmanic civilizations.

4.1 Decreased Reading Spead The complex nature of the script, with elaborate ornamentation crammed into a small space, means that reading texts in this script is slower [ Mad., p. 1 ff ]. The top line across each letter is an entirely superfluous appendage. Often, the writer of a text cannot read the text himself, and the writing of one person is almost universally unintelligible to others. Moreover, some individual words are more than one page long, and this further slows down comprehension. Thus Devanagari served the aims of the Brahmans, who thereby maintained the entire population in illiteracy. Stooped in ignorance and unable to acquire any learning on account of the difficulties of reading Sanskrit, the masses became the mindless slaves of their white Brahmin masters for two millenia, ultimately being degraded to the level of sub-humans. Sanskritisation, along with Devadasism, vegetarianism, the encouragement of female infanticide, the savage enforcement of Vedic sati, and the Brahmin invention of the jati system of castes and sub-castes were the main pillars of 3000 years of totalitarian Brahmin rule over India.

4.2 Slow Speed of Writing The extremely intricate, complex and ornate nature of the Devanagari script, requiring several strokes for each letter to be executed in a small space, implies that writing becomes much slower [ Mad., p. 1 ff ]. Once again, this was a deliberate result of Brahminist machinations : In order to restrict all knowledge, learning and science within the confines of their race, the Brahmins set up all types of barriers in the path of learning for the non-Brahmin masses. One such barrier was the creation of an extremely complex script, Devanagari. The mastery of this script taking a much longer time, and writing being slower, it hindered the spread of literacy and served to maintain the masses under the vicious Brahmanical grip of illiteracy. The Brahmins lived on the masses of loot extorted by fraud and deception plundered from the countryside, and piled up fantastic plunder. The truly staggering extent of the looting was revealed only when the Muslim liberators discovered the fabulous quantities of `Brahmin Gold' hidden by the Brahmins in the Vishnu temples. They thus had plenty of time to waste in senseless pursuits such as pornography and the description of Devadasis, the creation of fallacies such as palmistry, and the invention of an ever more ornate and complex script while the voiceless masses suffered constant death and starvation in the nation which had been transformed into one massive Kautilyan forced labour camp. Indeed, compared to all other scripts, Devanagari is one of the slowest to write in. The Arabic script is the fastest script in existence. All scripts derived from Arabic, such as Persian, Turkic and Mughali (Urdu), also display this virtue of high speed. In fact, several scholars who used this script were able to produce thousands of pages in a single day ! By comparison, the illiterate Brahmins could only produce a few pages per day using the cumbersome Devanagari, accounting for the paucity of literature in dead Sanskrit.

4.3 Large Number of Alphabets The number of alphabets of Dev Nagari is enormous, numbering more than 500 different characters. The number of basic alphabets is 50, consisting of 36 consonants and

14 vowels and diphthongs. In addition conjunct consonants and vowel-consonant compound characters of an infinite variety exist. The illogical rules for conjunction as enforced by the bigoted Brahmins imply that each time two consonants are combined, a completely new letter has to be used. In addition, a vowel following a consonant leads to a differnet letter once again ! Literally an infinite number of such letters exist, but counting only the most common ones leads to a staggering total of 509 different characters ! A simple arithmetic calculation yields this result :

No. of Basic Alphabets = 50 [ al-B. i. 172 ] = 14 vowels & diphthongs + 36 consonants

No. of Conjunct Consonants = 27 [ Srini ] (this is a lower bound)

Each conjunct consonant can form 12 vowel-consonant compounds, namely with aa, a, e, ee, o, u, oo, i, etc. so

No. of Vowel-Consonant Compounds = 36 x 12 = 432

Hence 14 vowels and diphtongs

36 consonants

27 conjunct consonants (at least) + 432 vowel-consonant compounds excl. consonants

----

509

Thus the total number of Devanagari characters is at least 509, In defence of their fascist policies, the fraudulent Brahmin linguists have entirely falsified science, and have spread their lies and propaganda by claiming that Devanagari only uses 50 alphabets ! Thus, Encyclopedia Britannica mentions the number of Khari Boli Devanagari alphabets as 48 [ EB 4., p. 44-45 ] (34 constts + 14 vowels and diphthongs). The fact that compounding leads to new letters, and that the total is more than 500 is not mentioned, such inconvenient facts having been censored by the Brahmin mafia.

4.4 Printing Difficulties For each of these 509 alphabets, a separate moulded type-set has to be manufactured for a Devanagari printing press. Thus the cost of setting up a Devanagari printing press is much higher than for other scripts, as is the cost of maintenance. The great linguist Madan Gopal amply emphasized this drawback of Devanagari [ Mad., p. 1ff ]. The noted Indian linguist, S. K. Chatterji, also noted this disadvantage: " At present, to print in the Nagari alphabet, considerably over 400 special types are required"

-- [ Chat., p. 239 ] and thus Chatterji advocated the use of an Indo-Roman script for Hindi. Several rationally minded persons suggested retaining the ancient individual scripts for the local Prakrits such as Bhojpuri, Rajasthani and Marathi, but the fanatic Brahmin Vaishnava Pandit Nehru would have nothing of it. Under his dogged insistence, Devanagari was enforced for all these languages, almost leading to their annihilation. Nobody in his right senses would advocate the usage of such a cumbersome script for mass circulation. Yet Brahmins of the tribe of Nehru-Gandhi and Lilliputs of the Vajpayee clan fanatically cling to their treasured invention, Devanagari. Thus much money is wasted in the publication of magazines and newspapers in this primitive script.

4.5 Primitivism of Devanagari The large number of characters of Devanagari is another feature of the archaic origin of the script. This is exactly analogous to the case of a larger number of grammatical cases discussed in the previous chapter. In general, the more primitive the language, the larger the number of letters or characters in its alphabet. In order to illustrate this point, consider the following two tables : -

Primitive Languages - The following is a list of primitive languages, along with the number of their characters :

Ming Chinese (1716) 40545 [ EB 22.729 ] Sung Chinese (1007) 26194 [ EB 22.729 ] Han Chinese (100 AD) 9353 [ EB 22.729 ] Sumerian (3000 BC) 1200 [ EB 29.1029 ] Sanskrit 509 [ Chat. 239 ] New Elamite (2000 BC) 100 [ EB 29.1036 ] Classical Egyptian (2000 BC) 70 [ EB 29.1038 ]

Note : 1. No. of Egyptian characters is the no. of hieroglyphs.

Thus, Sanskrit belongs to the category of degraded languages like New Elamite and Sumerian. These have been long discarded as cumbersome hindrances. Only the intolerant Brahmins of India fanatically cling to Sanskrit as it suits their imperialist ambitions. Yet at least Elamite and Sumerian were spoken for a short time, whilst Sanskrit was only used by the Brahmins in their Vishnu temples - Sanskrit has been always dead ever since it was invented ! Highly Developed Languages - As languages developed to higher forms, the large number of alphabets were reduced. This is evident by analysing the following table, arranged in order of age of the language : -

Classical (Ionic) Greek 24 [ EB 29.1046 ] Latin 23 [ EB 29.1048 ] Old Church Slavonic 43 [ EB 3.831 ] Modern Russian 32 [ EB 3.831 ] Bulgarian 30 [ EB 3.831 ] Serbian 30 [ EB 3.831 ] Ukrainian 33 [ EB 3.831 ] Modern Russian 32 [ EB 3.831 ] Arabic (modern) 28 [ EB 1.509 ]

Note: 1. No. of Old Church Slavonic is the no. of original Cyrillic alphabets.

Even Egyptian, with 70 hieroglyphs, later discarded as cumbersome, was the language of the great civilization of the Pharoahs. No wonder that Sanskrit was only the language of barbaric Aryan invaders and never produced any civlization !

4.6 Absence of Sanskrit Script When the barbaric Aryans and their illiterate Brahmin priests invaded India, destroying the Indus Valley civilization, they were too ignorant and beastly to have had even the concept of a script. For the 1000-year Vedic Dark Ages thereafter, there was also no script as India descended into chaos and anarchy with the primitive Aryans transforming India into a giant animal kingdom. Thus, Vedic and Sanskrit originally had no script ! This was the state of affairs until the Aramaic script was adapted to the Brahmi script in East India for the Asokan inscriptions. Even then, it was adapted to the Prakrits, the Brahmins preventing its usage for Sanskrit. The Brahmin cave-men have always howled that the putting of pen to paper was a despicable menial job `fit for Sudras' and that such sacrileges as recording the Vedas would `pollute' these texts. Later, this Prakrit script was distorted into Devanagari. Still, the primitive cave-dwelling Brahmins thereafter consistently opposed the use of script. This continued down till the Muslim period. Thus, Alberuni wrote how the howling Brahmans oppose writing:

" They [ Brahmins ] do not allow the Veda to be committed to writing, because it is recited according to certain modulations and they therefore avoid the use of the pen, since it is liable to cause some error, and may occasion an addition or defect in the written text."

-- [ al-B. i. 125, Ch. XII ] This was done because the Brahmins feared that the development of a script would enable the `Dasoos' to learn and gain knowledge. Thus, Sanskrit has no script and never had. When Aramaic was adapted to Indian languages, different scripts evolved under the anti-Vedic Buddhist, Jain and Materialist heterodoxies. Since Sanskrit did not have any script, and Devanagari was only invented in the 10th century AD, Sanskrit came to be written in the local scripts. Thus, Sanskrit in Bengal is written in Bengali script, in Orissa it is written in Oriya letters, in Tamil Nadu it is written in Dravidian letters. In each of the local museums in these states one finds Sanskrit manuscripts written in the local scripts; Devanagari is virtually absent, and where present, is of a very late age. It is only after the local Prakrits developed scripts, based on Buddhist influence, that the Brahmins were forced to invent Devanagari. Then, as the poison of Brahmin power spread throughout India, Sanskritisation was enforced on the masses in order to destroy their local languages and eat into the very foundations of the Non-Brahmin civilizations. First, the indigenous language would be corrupted with the introduction of Sanskrit words, after which the grammar would be Sanskritised which was finally followed by the forceful imposition of Devanagari as the last nail in the coffin. The result of these policies was the slow and painful death of the native vernaculars. Thus, the fallacious claims that the Gujarati, Bengali, Oriya and other scripts are derived from Devnagari are wholly false propaganda; all scripts are derived from Aramaic via Brahmi. The sole objective of these venomous Brahminist brainwashing campaigns is to obliterate the indigenous languages. To a large extent, this objective has been realised : Marathi has abandoned its native script for Devanagari, the Mahajani script for Rajasthani has been obliterated, and the Kayathi script for Bhojpuri is in rapid decline. All these circumstances are the result of centuries of deliberate Brahmin policies that have undermined these vernaculars and submerged entire civilizations. Everywhere Brahmanic Devanagari is gaining at the expense of non-Brahmin scripts, and everywhere the 20th century Brahmin invention known as Khari Boli Hindi is crushing other languages into oblivion.

The extent to which the Brahmins can go to commit historical fraud are alarming. Even the script Brahmi, clearly proven to be of Aramaic origin, is falsely portrayed by the Brahmin-controlled mass media as a Brahmin script. This Brahmi script is clearly of Aramic origin, despite what fraud Brahmin historians have to say :

A 4th century coin from Madhya Pradesh has Brahmi characters running from right to left, the same direction as Aramaic [ EB 2.462 ]. The first specimens of Brahmi occur frm the Mauryan empire or immediately preceding it. The Mauryan empire was heaivly indebted to Achaemenid models in art and architecture, and it is accepted that the Brahmi script is also of Aramaic script.

4.7 Dev Nagari and Illiteracy One finds a clear one-to-one correspondence between the spread of Devanagari and illiteracy. Wherever Devanagari spreads, the population sinks into gross ignorance, with the Brahmins rising to super-elite level. Indeed, the spread of Devanagari is the result of a systematic and well-planned Brahmin conspiracy aimed at oppressing the non-Brahmins.

Destruction of Non-Brahmin Civilization - Throughout history we find the Brahmin race attempting to root out the non-Brahmin civlizations in order to enslave the entire population to the Brahmin yoke. They have eaten into the genetic stock of the people by enforcing the hideous inventions of sati, dowry, forced labour, hijraism, and devadasism and have sucked the very life-blood of the Non-Brahmin races with these monstrosities. Thus, the Brahminist poison of Sanskritisation has led to the obliteration of many of India's finest languages and scripts. The native Braj script has been replaced by Devanagari, and the Magahi, Marwari and indigenous Mithili scripts have almost disappeared from the face of the Earth. Concordant with this alien Sanskritisation has occurred the downfall and death of these languages. One example of this is Bengali. Due to the Anglo-Brahmin policy of Sanskritisation, Bengali had almost died by the end of the 19th century, completely wiped out by Brahminist policies. It took several patriotic writers to purify their language of Sanskrit defilement and restore its dignity. This has not happended to other languages, which still suffer under the oppressive weight of Devanagari. Thus, usage of Marathi, Rajastani, Bhojpuri are all on the decline. If these languages wish to survive it is imperative that they abolish all alien Sanskrit words and the alien Devanagari script, which has caused the most fatal tuberculosis of these and other non-Brahmin civiliations.

Mass Poverty and Illiteracy - Due to two millenia of Brahminist policies, more than 95 % of India's population have been enforced into gross illiteracy and complete darkness. The result of Sanskritisation and the enforcement of Devanagari are visible from the figures given in the table below. Wherever Brahmins enforced the complex Devanagari script, the masses of the population have been crushed into a sub-human existence. Wherever one goes, one finds colossal illiteracy as a result of Sanskritisation :

Script & Family Nation Literacy Ref.

Dravidic Malayalic Kerala 90.59 % Mano. 635 Tamulic Tamil Nadu 63.72 % Mano. 661 Kannadic Karnataka 55.98 % Mano. 632 Telugan Andhra Pradesh 45.11 % Mano. 611

Devanagari Bihar 38.54 % Mano. 618 Rajasthan 38.81 % Mano. 657 Uttar Pradesh 41.71 % Mano. 667 Madhya Pradesh 43.45 % Mano. 638

Islamicate Arabic UAE 73.0 % 90EB. 887 Pharsic Iran 71.0 % 90EB. 885 Arabic Qatar 74.7 % 90EB. 887 Maghribic Morocco 70.7 % 90EB. 885 Arabic Kuwait 78.7 % 90EB. 885

Roman Goa 76.96 % Mano. 621 Mizoram 82.27 % Mano. 648 Naga 61.3 % Mano. 650

Hence, Devanagari usage directly correlates with tremendous illiteracy, while all other scripts like Romance, Islamicate and Sudric (Dravidic and Kolaric) correlate with high literacy. In view of the points given above, it is evident that this is not the result of any `failed policies', but is due to the intrinsic properties of the script.

4.8 Brahminist Lies on Devanagari Brahmins have a made an entire industry of the falsification of history. Thus, Brahmin historians like Pandit Purushottam Nagesh Oak claim that the Taj Mahal and the Qutb Minar are `Hindoo' (read `Brahmanic') temples, Brahmin leaders like M. S. Golwalkar claim that the North Pole was in Bihar 10,000 years ago, Brahmin geologists claim that the Puranic theory of a flat earth is correct, and Brahmin scientists like N. S. Rajaram claim that the Aryans originated in Uttar Pradesh in the Ganga valley. In short, any form of madness that can confuse the non-Brahmins is used by these people to create disorder and mayhem. It is not that these Pandits are madmen : they are entirely sane and well aware that their theories are wrong. Their ideas are solely designed to confuse the non-Brahmins and degrade their intellect. If even half of the non-Brahmin population believes in their theories, their objectives shall have been attained. One example of such falsehood is the Brahmin claim that Devanagari is the original Indo-Aryan script, that it is the progenitor of all scripts in the world, that it was given by the Gods, and that it was in general use in ancient India. Nothing could be further from the truth. One only has to pick up a standard text-book to expose the Brahminist lies. In fact, Dev nagari is derived from the Brahmi script via the Gupta character, and dates to the 10th century AD. Thus Kalidasa did not write his poems in Devanagari ! All the North India scripts are independantly developed from Brahmi. Hence the fallacious view that Devanagari is the ancestor of all North Indian scripts (unfortunately stated in Encyclopdia Britannica) is false. Each is independantly derived from Brahmi. It is only later, in order to destroy the very life-souls of the local civilizations that the Brahmins enforced Devanagari on the masses.

Chapter 4
Sanskrit Literature and Its Drawbacks

5.1 Obliteration of Non-Brahmin Civilizations Throughout Indian history, Sanskritisation has been the tool of the Brahmin race in its absolute dominion over India. By means of Sanskritisation all vitality and life was sucked out of the vernaculars, whilst stulted, dead and artificial cultures were foisted in their place. Eventually, the cultured versions of the vernaculars were destroyed and replaced by Sanskrit, while popular speech degraded into mutually incomprehensible dialects. Often, these diverged so widely that new languages arose; thus Kannada, Telugu and Malayali arose out of the ancient Proto-Dravidian language which was destroyed by Brahminic Sanskritisation.

5.2 Artificial Sanskrit Literature Sanskrit literature always appears stiff, formal and highly artificial since it was never spoken, and hence lacks the depth and passion that works in the mother tongue display. The great Indological scholar Mr. Basham writes, " much of Sanskrit literature is dry and monotonous, or can only be appreciated after a considerable effort of the imagination " [ Bash., p. 401 ]. Of course the Hindu fundamentalists will always praise Sanskrit; thus the god-man Sri Aurobindo said : " the ancient and classical literature of the Sanskrit tongue shows both in quality and in body an abundance of excellence, in their potent originality and force and beauty, ... which stands very evidently in the front rank among the world's great literatures"

-- [ Auro. 255 ] This revivalist of Brahmin fascism in India has been amply exposed by noted Dravidian rationalist Abraham Kovoor. In fact, as shown above, Indian art was born in the Prakrits and was only later translated into Sanskrit. This Brahmin theft of civilizations is illustrated later on.

5.3 Resistance to Sanskritisation Being a liturgical language like Old Church Slavonic, Sanskrit played a very minor role in Indian culture. Even when it was forced onto the unwilling populace, they rose in rebellion, restoring the reginal national languages. It is hence only by means of slow and systematic policies that Sanskritisation could undermine the non-Brahmin tongues. Tamil - The Dravidians have consistently opposed Sanskrit and Sanskritisation of Dravidian languages. Even translations from Sanskrit were abhorred. Tamil was able to preserve almost fully its ancient purity. During Aryan invasions and subsequent Brahmin tyranny, the fraction of Sanskrit words rose to 25 % but by the mid-20th century these had completerly removed and Tamil had been fully purified of any Sanskrit corruptions.

Telugu - Telugu is a Dravidian language, as is evident from the etymology of `Telugu' itself, derived from `Trilinga' or `Trikalinga' or `Teling' (a Dravidian people). However, Aryan invasions led to forcible imposition of Aryan Vaishnavite Orthodoxy (ie. Brahmanism & its 6 astika schools) and Sanskritisation. This led to the fragmentation of the ancient Telingana nation into 2 separate regions: the Aryanized Vaishnavite Andhra region comprising the northern tracts and the Godavari-Krishna deltas, and the Dravidian Shaivite Telengana region comprising the southern regions. Acca Telugu, pure Telugu free from Sanskrit contamination, is spoken in Telengana, while Andhri, the hybrid of Sanskrit & Telugu (also known as Mishra-bhasa, `mixed language' [ Red., p. 630 ]) is spoken in Andhra.

The Sanskritic tradition was introduced by Nannaya (AD 1030 ) who translated the Mahabharat [ Red., p. 625 ]. In the pre-Nannaya days the Carvaka and Kappalika schools were dominant while Kumarila Bhatta (7 Century AD) and Sankaracharya (788-820) preached agianst these and tried to revive Vedic dharma or Brahmanism [ Red., p. 625 ]. Nannaya and his patron-king Narendra ( 1022-63 ) accordingly tried to revive the varnashram-dharma but this recieved a setback due to the Virashaiva revival of Shaivism.

The Sanskritization propagated by Nannaya led to the massive Dravidian backlash of Virashaivism. The movement marked the restoration of the Dravidian Religion ( ie. Shaivism ) and the purification of the Telugu language by means of de-Sanskritisation. This Lingayat restoration occurred in the 12th-13th centuries AD in Karnataka and Telengana. The brave Dravidian resistance opposed the marga tradition of Nannaya and advocated the desi tradition. Their opposition to Sanskrit went to the core: thus, Sanskritisms, Sanskritised Telugu, and even translations from Sanskrit were disdained [ Red., p. 626 ]. Chief among these anti-Sanskritists was Palakuriki Somanatha

(c. 1200-1240) whose opposition had added force since he also knew Sanskrit and was a prolific Sanskrit writer. He introduced new literary genres such as gadya, ragada, sataka and udaharana which are not present in other languages and that have made Telugu richer than others. Nannecodu (c. 1150 AD), the author of the `Kumara-sambhavamu' is the first of the Saivite poets in Telugu who opposed Sanskrit [ Red., p. 626 ].

The Golcunda Sultans patronized Acca Telugu free of any Sanskrit pollution [ Red., p. 630 ]; another example of Islamo-Dravidian unity against Brahmanisation. During the Golcunda Sultans' reign, the poet Addariki Gangadhara Kavi wrote the `Tapati-sanivarranamu' (1565), and Ponnikanti Telaganarya wrote the `Yayati-caritrama' (1578) [ Red., p. 630 ]. Mishra-bhasa (`mixed language') was the contemptuous name given to the corrupted Telugu that had mixed with Sanskrit. Hence a strong sense that Sanskrit was `alien' has existed among the Telugus for several centuries.

Kannada - In Karnataka the Virashaivites also led a rebellion against the Sanskrit language and influence, leading to a purification of Kannada.

Malayalam - In Malayalam, the pure Malayalam literature free of Sanskrit contamination is referred to as `pacca' [ EB 27, p. 729 ]., while pattu refers to Malayalam with much Dravidian influence. The fanciful word `manipravala' (necklace of diamonds and corals) was invented by the Brahmins for the artificial mongrel Sanskrit-Malayalam language. The reason for the greater influence of Sanskrit in Kerala is due to Aryan infiltration from the coast. However, even here much progress has been made in the removal of alien Sanskrit terms.

Bengali - Bengal has a long history of antagonism with Sanskrit stretching back to ancient times. The east Indians (Poorbis or Pracyis) are descendants of the mixed vratya

(anti-Vedic Indo-Iranians) and Mongoloid inhabitants. Neither Buddhists or Jains availed themselves of Sanskrit in their preachings, considering it the preserve of the Brahmin elite [ EB 27, p. 722 ]. In the 19th century there arose attempts to contaminate Bengali with Sanskrit words. The Nobel-prize winner Rabindranath Tagore started the revolt against these sinister attempts to enforce the Sanskritised Sadhu-Bhasha, and restored the Chalit-bhasha, purifying it of Sanksrit. Rammohan Ray also opposed the use of Sanskrit; he said:

" The Sanskrit language, so difficult that almost a lifetime is necessary for its acquisition, is well known to have been for ages a lamantable check to the diffusion of knowledge, and the learning concealed under this almost impervious veil is far from sufficient to reward the labour of acquiring it "

-- [ Walk ]

Concani - Due to Aryan Vaishnava oppression, Konkanasth (Old Concani) did not develop any script or literature; only Sanskrit was allowed. Due to these Brahminist policies, no literature in Old Concani survives. This is the prime example of how languages are destroyed by Sanskritisation. It remained an undeveloped and neglected language of the west coast of India till the advent of the Portuguese. The Portuguese launched the new Concani language in the Roman script by creating the first ever Concani dictionary. Concani is a derivative of Goan (descended from Portuguese via Indo-Portuguese) along with a slight admixture of Konkanasth (Old Concani or Sarasvatic). This new language then spread all across the west coast of India. The Latin script is still used by more than half of the Concani speakers despite fanatic Brahmin efforts to eradicate it.

Oriya - In Orissa, the Gajapati dynasty arose as a revolt against the Sanskrit supporting predecessors, the Gangas. The Oriyas are also noted for having consistently opposed the use of Deva Nagari for Sanskrit and used their own script. Thus even Sanskrit manuscripts in Orissa are written in the Oriya script.

Brahmavarta Aryavarta - In the doab region of Brahmavarta & Aryavarta, Tulseedaas, great scholar of Sanskrit though he was, preferred to write in the vernacular, defending his wise choice with the statement that his language was an earthen vessel containing ambroisa, while Sanskrit was a jewelled cup of extreme beauty which held poison [ Walk ]. Many poets in Braj, Ajodhyi and Kannauji preferred their native tongue to the clumsy Sanskrit. Later, Madangopal campaigned vigourously against Sanskrit and Devanagari. He opposed the use of Devanagari for Hindi, and supported the use of the Indo-Roman script [ Mad ].

Marathi - In Maharashtra the Mahanubhava sect of Krishnaites "deliberately rejected Sanskrit" [ Mach., p. 549 ]. They led a deliberate revolt against Brahmanic orthodoxy, and used pure Marathi. However, all their efforts gave been in vain, for the Brahmins destroyed the native Marathi language so completely during Anglo-Brahmin colonialism that the ancient script has disapeared, having been completely replaced by Devanagari in the 20th century. Most of the language consists of artificial Sanskrit words. It is encouraging however, that a few Marathi patriots are now talking of restoring the ancient Modi script, used for Marathi up to the 18th century.

Mughali - The Islamic caliphs of Delhi withdrew all support from Sanskrit & opposed the use of Sanskrit words to the core. Alberuni noted that the Sanskrit langauge was very complicated. In fact the question of respect for Sanskrit never arose. The Urdu language, and its colloquial form known as Mughali (Mughali is applied to all the Muslims who entered India from outside), is entirely free from Sanskrit contamination, and its derivative Mughali (sometimes incorrectly referred to as Hindustani) has less than 10 % Sanskrit vocabulary.

Mon-Khmer Languages - The influence of Sanskrit on Mon-Khmer languages has been exaggerated. In fact the predominant influence from India was Pali since most of these peoples were Theravada Buddhists who opposed Sanskrit. In fact, Sanskrit has had a negligible impact on these languages as is evident from the following facts :

Thai - In Siamese, out of a total of 40,000 words only 1362 are Sanskrit and Pali [ Sar., p. 756 ] [ Thom., p. 760 ]. This is just 3.4 %. Cham - In the Cham lexicon, out of a total of 9350 words, only 700 are Sanskrit [ Sar., p. 756 ] [ Ch-Fr ] [ Gondi., p. 52 ]. This is just 7.5 %. Javanese - Old Javanese poetical texts (kakavins) contain one-fourth to two-sevenths Sanskrit vocabulary, but in some texts it rises to four-ninths [ Sar., p. 756 ] [ Gondi., p. 119-120 ] (ie. 25% - 29% and at most 44 %). Naturally it is these texts, which are only a few, that are much-hyped.

5.4 Brahmanic Theft of Prakrit Literatures The Brahmin linguist-liars have set forth the exaggerated claim that `Sanskrit literature is the mother of all literatures'. They hypothesise that Sanskrit literature was the fountain from which all other literatures in the world derive. Examples cited include the wild theories that Homer's Iliad was based upon the Ramayana, that the Pancatantra was the model for Aesop's fables, and that the `Ocean of Story' ws the model of Boccaccio's Decameron and the Arabian Nights. In fact, none of these works were originally in Sanskrit. The `Ocean of Story', the `Pancatantra' and most other literature produced in India was produced in the Prakrits. They were then stolen by the Brahmins only much later, and falsely presented as original Sanskrit works. This was another by-product of the Brahminist policy of Sanskritisation : all worthwhile genius to be found was sucked into the Sanskrit ocean, while the vernacular, deprived of its original works, died.

The early secular literature of drama, epics, lyrical poetry etc. was originally entirely in Prakrit and it is only in the 2nd century AD that Saksnrit beigns to enter this field of secular compostiionm [ Up., p. 168 ]. The following instances elucidate the Prakrit origin of most Indian litareture :

Ocean of Story - The Sanskrit `Ocean of Story' is based upon Dardic (`Paisachi') originals. Gunadhya's Brhat Katha (`Great Story') referred to as "the prototype for a whole species of Sanskrit prose narratives" [ Prose., p. 260 ] and now lost, was first composed in prose in Paisaci Prakrit [ Prose., p. 260 ]. Later on it was translated into Sanskrit, the most important version being Somadeva's `Katha Sarit Sagara',`Ocean of Story' [ EB 27 `S. As.', p. 726 ], and the `Brhat-katha-manjari' by Ksemendra. A Maharashtri version `Sanghadasa' dating to the 6th century AD has been reconstructed, showing that it was also translated into various regional national languages [ Prose., p. 260 ]. This is a most glaring example of Brahmin theft of Gujarati genius. Pancatantra - Even the Sanskrit Pancatantra was modelled on Pali originals. The Pali Buddhist Jataka are generally considered to be the model for the later Sanskrit Pancatantra, a view originally held by Benfrey [ Prose., p. 261 ].

5.5 Prakritic Survivals in Sanskrit Literature Yet, when the vernacular literature was grafted onto Sanskrit, it preserved features of its Prakrit origin. Most Sanskrit literature thus shows Prakritisms, betraying its non-Brahmanic origin : Ramayana and Mahabharat - The epic idion is contaminated through and through with Prakritisms [ Up., p. 165 ] and the gatha literature of the Buddhists is a mixture of Prakrit and Sanskrit. `Sanskrit Drama' - Most of so-called `Sanskrit drama' in fact displays a linguistic division : The Kings and courtiers spoke Sanskrit, the upper classs ladies spoke Sauraseni, while the lower classes spoke Magadhi [ Up., p. 165 ]. This does not reflect actual speech, however, but was part of the Brahmin policy of systematically degrading the vernaculars by associating them only with the lower classes. In fact, Magadhi was the court language in Magadha (as evident from the Magadhi inscriptions of Asoka) until undermined by Sanskritisation. Kalidasa - Even Kalidasa (c. 400) employed Apabrahmsa in his `Vikramorvasiya' [ Up., p. 166 ] and his works contain many Prakritisms [ Up., p. 167 ]. Again, this raises the question : Did Kalidasa the Brahmin copy Prakrit originals ? Vidyapati - Vidyapati (c. 1400) used Mithili verse in his Sanskrt-Prakrit drama [ Up. 166 ]. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit - The bulk of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit vocabulary is of Prakrit origin [ Prose. 271. n44 ]. It is thus evident that most of what has been falsely portrayed as `Sanskrit literature' are in fact copies of Prakrit originals. Most of these Prakrit originals were then destroyed in order to portray the works as examples of `Brahmin genius'.

Some independant literature may have been created in Sanskrit, but these were completely lifeless productions. Scholars now think that such literary works created in Sanskrit never had any real life at all, but were altogether scholastic productions. Much has been made of the incident recorded in Patanjali's Mahaabhaashya, where a charioteer is represented as holding a discussion in Sanskrit with a grammarian on the derivation of an obscure word. Charioteers were court bards and their familiarity with the priestly tongue does not necessarily indicate an acquantance with it on the part of the general public. Such isolated cases can be attributed to Brahmin fantasies.

5.6 Reappraisal of Sanskrit Literature Contemporary scholarship has revised its older concepts of Sanskrit and the Sanskrit classics. The Indian epics, the work of Kaalidaasa, the aphorism of Bhartrihari, when they first became known to the West, aroused tremendous interest, for they represented a huge corpus of writings till then unknown to the Western world. The first flush of enthusiasm has passed, however, and scholars have considerably revised their opinion of its merits. Primarily the early writings retain their significance in the study of the history of mankind in the primitive stages of its development, but it were rash to go further in extolling their merits. It is now realised that most of the original literature of India was composed in the Prakrits, and that Sanskrit has had a highly negative impact on Indian culture. The over-emphasis on Sanskrit in the early days of Indology (which was but another example of Anglo-Brahmin colonialism) led to the neglect of the study of the living Prakrits; this colonial situation is now being remedied to a great extent.

The Fall of Sanskrit in the eyes of modern scholars and the appreciation of the regional Prakrits as the prime vehicle of Indian culture has been very vexing for the Brahmins. Here is the lamentation of one such Brahman, Prof. B. Bhattacharya -

" Unfortunately, it [ Sanskrit ] has been dubbed by a good many Western scholars as the imposition of the Brahmanical priestly class which, in their opinion, was never employed as a popular medium of communication. Some have even gone to the length of considering the great epics and the Puranas as well, as no more than artificial Sanskrit versions of original works composed in different forms of Middle Indo-Aryan or Prakrit. According to them the Sanskrit language, at least in its classical form, had no direct relation with the popular dialects of these times. but was artificially foisted by the crafty hieratic class as `the speech of the gods' (daivi vak) on the unwilling readers. Rather it was Old Indo-Aryan or the Vedic language, the evidence of which we meet with in the vast Brahmanic literature, that was akin to the popular speech of the masses, and in the course of time, this Vedic dialect developed into the various forms of Middle Indo-Aryan including Pali, which are thus direct descendants of Old Indo-Aryan. In support of this theory, the employment of the various foms of Middle Indo-Aryan in the inscriptions of Asoka and other epigraphs belonging to the pre-Christian era is cited as corrobarative evidence."

-- [ Prose, p. 256-7 ] Notice how this Brahmin now blames those self-same `European scholars' who initially supported Sanskrit so much ! This is reminiscent of the later Brahmin betrayal of their Anglo-Saxon allies during the 1940s. Treachery runs in the blood of the Brahmin. One need only remember how the Brahmin Godse shot Mahatma Gandhi and how Pandit Nehru instigated the murder of Subhash Bose.

What Famous People have said about Sanskrit

6.1 Maz Mueller on Sanskrit Max Mueller was the greatest Western advocate of Sanskritology. He played an important role in the rise of the now discarded theory that Sanskrit was the mother of Indian languages. Later on, coming under fire for his brazen support of Sanskrit and Brahmin racial superiority, he declared :

" I do not claim for the ancient Indian [ Sanskrit ] literature any more that I should willingly concede to the fables and traditions and songs of savage nations. I simply say that in the Veda we have a nearer approach to a beginning, and an intelligent beginning, than in the wild invocations of the Hottentotes and Bushmen "

-- [ Walk ]

6.2 Carey The Christian missionary Carey and his colleagues experimented with what came to be known as Church Sanskrit. He wanted to train a group of 'Christian Pandits' who would probe "these mysterious sacred nothings" and expose them as worthless. He was distressed that this "golden casket (of Sanskrit) exquisitely wrought" had remained "filled with nothing but pebbles and trash." He was determined to fill it with "riches - beyond all price" [ Carey, p. 34 ].

6.3 Ram Mohan Ray on Sanskrit In Bengal Rammohan Ray was one of the stauchest opponents of Sanskrit. Rammohan Ray translated the Upanishads into Bengali, violating long-standing traditions [ EB

9.`ray'.902 ], much to the chagrin of Brahmin bigots. He said, " The Sanskrit language, so difficult that almost a lifetime is necessary for its acquisition, is well known to have been for ages a lamantable check to the diffusion of knowledge, and the learning concealed under this almost impervious veil is far from sufficient to reward the labour of acquiring it "

-- [ Walk ]

6.4 Tulsi Das on Sanskrit In Brahmavarta, Tulseedaas, great scholar of Sanskrit though he was, preferred to write in the vernacular, defending his wise choice with the statement that his language was "an earthen vessel containing ambroisa, while Sanskrit was a jewelled cup of extreme beauty which held poison" [ Walk ]. Many poets in Braj, Ajodhyi and Kannauji preferred their native tongue to the clumsy Sanskrit.

6.5 S. K. Chatterji on Sanskrit S. K. Chatterji was one of the foremost linguists of modern India. He was noted for his pro-Sanskrit bias, Brahmin that he was. Yet even he had to accept the cumbersome nature of the Devanagari script : " At present, to print in the Nagari alphabet, considerably over 400 special types are required"

-- [ Chat., p. 239 ]

6.6 Frederick Bodmer on Sanskrit In his `Loom of Language' Frederick Bodmer discusses Sanskrit in a chapter entitled `The Diseases of Language' [ Walk ].

6.7 Sufi Kabir on Sanskrit Kabeer, the great Sufi reformer, likened Sanskrit to `the water of a well', and the language of the people to a "running stream" [ Walk ].

6.8 Eggeling on Sanskrit Eggeling, the learned translator of the Satapatha Brahmana part of the Shukla Yajur Veda into English, writes, " For wearisome prolixity of exposition, characterised by dogmatic assertion and a flowing symbolism rather than by serious reasoning, these works are perhaps not equalled anywhere, unless, indeed, it be the speculative vapourings of the Gnostics, than which, in the opinion of the learned translator of Irenaeus, `nothing more absurd has probably ever been imagined by rational beings' "

-- [ Prose., p. 254 ] [ Egg. Pt. I, Introdn, p. ix ]

6.9 al-Beruni on Sanskrit Tbe noted Turkestani scientist al-Beruni who visited India in the 10th century AD noted the severe defects of the Sanskrit language. Moreover, by the time he reached India the Brahmins had already destroyed most of the ancient civlization of India, for he mentions that the vernaculars were `neglected;. He had this to say regarding Sanskrit : " If you want to conquer this difficulty (ie. to learn Sanskrit), you will not find it easy, because the language is of an enormous range, both in words and inflections, something like the Arabic, calling one and the same thing by various names, both original and derived, and using one and the same word for a variety of subjects, which, in order to be properly understood, must be distinguished from each other by various qualifying epithets. For nobody could distinguish between the various meanings of a word unless he undertands the context in which it occurs, and its relation both to the following and preceding parts of the sentence. The Hindus, like other people, boast of this enormous range of their langauges, which in reality is a defect ."

-- [ al-B. I., p. 17 ] Thus, al-Beruni correctly mentioned the Sanskrit defects of homonymism and synonymism.

References

[ al-B ] = `Alberuni's India', transl. Dr. E. C. Sachau, 2 vols., Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd. London 1888

[ All. Ch. ] = `Allied Chambers Transliterated Hindi-English Dictionary'

[ Assam ] = `Assamese', M. Neog, in Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. V, 419-434, Ramakrishna Mission Inst. of Culture, Calcutta, 1937. [

Auro ] = `Foundations of Indian Culture', Sri Aurobindo

[ Bas ] = `Inscriptions: Their Literary Value I', R. Basak, `Cultural Heritage of India' vol. 5, p. 390-406

[ Bash ] = `The Wonder That Was India', A. L. Basham, Grove Press, New York, NY 1954. [

Bhatt ] = `Inscriptions: Their Literary Value II , K. Bhattacharya, in `Cultural Heritage of India' vol. 5, p. 407-418 [ Buddh ] = `Buddhist Literature' , A. C. Banerjee, in `Cultural History of India', vol. V, 184-210, Ramakrishna Mission Inst. of Culture, Calcutta 1978.

[ Carey ] = `Resistant Hinduism', Richard Fox Young, Vienna, 1981. [ Ch-Fr ] = `Dictionnaire cam-francaise', E. Aymonier & A. Cabaton, Paris 1906.

[ Chat ] = `Indo-Aryan and Hindi', S. K. Chatterji, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, Calcutta-12, 1969 reprint, 2nd ed. 1960; suggests a new variant of Indo-Roman in place of Devanagari for Hindi.

[ Dand ] = `Literature of Brahmanism in Sanskrit', R. N. Dandekar, in `Cultural History of India' , Vol. 5 p. 13-48 [ EB ] = Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed.

[ 90EB ] = Enc. Brit. Year-book 1990. [ Egg ] = `Satapatha Brahmana',in Sacred Books of the East', Vol. XII.

[ Gondi ] = `Sanskrit in Indonesia', J. Gondi, Nagpur 1952.

[ Lah ] = `Dravidian Origins and the West', N. Lahovary, Orient Longmans, Bombay 1963. [

Loom ] = The loom of language: a guide to foreign languages for the home student /Frederick Bodmer London : Merlin Press, 1987. - ISBN 0-85036-350-0 (pbk)

[ Mach ] = `Marathi', P. Machwe, in `Cultural Heritage of India' , vol. V, 548-560, Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Calcutta.

[ Mad ] = `This Hindi & Dev Nagari', Madan Gopal, Metropolitan Book Co. - a very good reference, a staunch opponent of the use of Devanagari and Sanskritisation, supported the use of the Indo-Roman alphabet for Hindi.

[ Mano ] = Manorama Book of the Year' , Manorama, Kottiyam, Kerala.

[ Myth ] = `The Myth of The Aryan Invasions of India', David Frawley.

[ Prose ] = `Sanskrit Prose', B. Bhattacharya, in `Cultural History of India', vol. V, 253-272, Ramakrishan Mission Institute of Culture, Calcutta 1978.

[ Red ] = `Telugu' , G. N. Reddy, in `Cultural History of India', vol. 5, 623-641

[Sar ] = `Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asia', H. B. Sarkar, in `Cultural Heritage of India', Vol. V, 751-772, Ramakrishna Mission Inst. of Culture, Calcutta 1937.

[Srini ] = `Learn Hindi in 30 days', K. Srinivasachari, Balaji Publications, Madras 1990, 24th ed.

[ Thom ] = `Thailand: The New Siam', V. Thompson, New York 1967.

[ Up ] = `Prakrit Language and Literature', Cultural Heritage of India vol. 5, 164-183, A. N. Upadhye [ Walk ] = Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Benjamin Walker.

[ Wool ] = `Pracritic and non-Aryan strata in the vocabulary of S. Patna', A. C. Woolner, Sir J. Asutosh Memorial Volume, 1926. Shows that the Indo-European nature of Sanscrit and Pracrit is mostly evident in their structure and morphology, while their vocabulary is largely formed of Dravidian and other loanwords.

THE END