In one of the letters written to the Infeld group in Warsaw Einstein wrote:
"A new manner of thinking is essential if humankind is to survive."

  
     B_Morphogenesis. 
Let us illustrate the concept of order with a simple example.
A moving train has a large amount of kinetic energy. When braked 
down to a stop, the amount of this energy stays unchanged, but not 
its type: The kinetic energy of movement has converted itself into 
heat in wheels and breaks. Now, the quality of these two types of 
energy is not equivalent. 

On the one hand, their relation resembles one way street. Movement
may always be converted into heat, but the conversion is not directly
reversible: warming up of the wheels and breaks will not set the train
in motion. Classifying different energy types by their convertibility
we may say that the kinetic energy belongs to a higher class than
the heat.

On the other hand, the higher class energy, kinetic energy in our case,
seems to be more useful. A train going in the desired direction performs
a particular task. Heat in its wheels seems to be a pure waste.

At a closer glance we discover an interesting difference between
higher and lower classes of energy:

Kinetic energy  can act in one and only one direction, determined by
the rails. It has only one degree of freedom which restricts severely
the number of possible system states.
Heat is equivalent to the microscopic movements of trillions of iron
particles unrestricted as to their direction. It has an enormous,
practically unlimited number of freedom degrees and possible system
states.

According to the definition of ORDER from the preceding chapter 
"A_Entropy" heat is chaotic and the kinetic energy is highly ordered.

In the present chapter we propose a looser definition of Order, more 
accessible for the reader not familiar with the rudiments of physics: 
the Order of an energetic system is directly related to its energy 
class and inversely to the number of its freedom degrees.

The principle associating Order with restriction of freedom degrees
applies to all systems, whether concerned with energy, or information.

In the area of technology we may mention the laser, the ordered type of
light restricted to one frequency, as opposed to the usual light
composed of a wide range of frequencies. Obviously, the efficiency of
the laser is incomparably higher.

In a totally different field, that of human organization, let us mention
an alphabetically ordered library, as opposed to a bohemian room full 
of books spread randomly and chaotically all over the place. It is 
certainly much easier to find a required book in the ordered library.

A system may be ordered in many different ways: The train may be
following the rails, but it may as well continue over a collapsed
bridge, in which case its unique freedom degree becomes a parabola
ending down in the river. Instead of following the alphabetic order,
the books may be sorted by colour or size. Each particular order is
determined by a factor such as the rails for the train, the alphabet
for the library, the light frequency for the laser. We shall call 
this factor the ORDERER of the system.

One of the basic laws of physics, the second law of thermodynamics which
we called in "C_Entropy"  DISORDERING PRINCIPLE states that any spontaneous 
change of a system decreases its order. In the limit case of an ideal 
"reversible system" order stays constant. It never increases. Let us 
illustrate this law with a simple example.

Let's imagine 4 balls and two compartments. 
In the case a let all balls be in one compartment which means that there 
is only one distribution, only one system state possible. 
In the case b let the balls be equally distributed throughout both 
compartments which results in 6 possible states.

Following our definition the case a is highly ordered and the case b
is disordered. If the balls represent particles of a coloured gas
the case a appears as a heterogeneous, discrete pattern composed of two
forms, while in the case b both compartments form one continuously 
uniform pattern.
In the case a there is a difference of pressure between the two 
compartments, which may be maintained only as long as the partition is
strong and impermeable enough. The only spontaneous changes of the 
system state, i.e. changes involving no external intervention, may occur
owing to the weakening or opening of the partition. Such changes will
obviously decrease the pressure difference: spontaneous changes modify
the system state from a towards b, from higher towards lower order.
Only a complete disorder is stable. Ordered systems tend to change
spontaneously towards the lesser order and maintain their transient
stability only in presence of an adequate orderer (partition in our
example) strong enough to counteract the uniformising drive.

Mountains represent a system of a higher order than a plain. They never 
arise spontaneously, but are formed by some external cause such as
a volcanic eruption. Left to themselves they necessarily tend to erode.
Streams and avalanches pull rocks out of heights, transport them 
downwards and fill up the valleys. Ordered, multiform chain of mountains
is necessarily fated to become a uniform, shapeless plain.

Life is conditioned by the existence and availability of non-solid
phases: liquids and gases which are, in turn, conditioned by differences
of temperature. If the Universe, may be assumed to behave like any local 
closed physical system, it tends towards the maximum thermic uniformity. 
The uniform average temperature is low enough to solidify all life 
conditioning fluids. Consequently, by virtue of the DISORDERING PRINCIPLE 
the Universe would necessarily tend towards thermal death and absolute 
uniformity. On condition, as we said, to be equivalent to a local closed
system. However, this equivalence is far from sure and we shall return to
this point below.

Yet, the DISORDERING PRINCIPLE holds certainly for closed systems left to 
themselves to "decay". However, the whole Morphogenesis, whether cosmological,
biological, psychological or social consists in ordering local chaotic
systems, in locally contradicting the DISORDERING PRINCIPLE. 
Let's return to our train example. We have said:

-Movement may always be converted into heat, but the conversion is not 
directly reversible: warming up of the wheels and breaks will not set the 
train in motion. Classifying different energy types by their convertibility
we may say that the kinetic energy belongs to a higher class than the heat.-

However, under particular conditions chaotic heat may be converted to the
highly ordered kinetic energy. Gas heated in the combustion chamber pushes
the piston, thus converting its energy to that of piston movement having the
highest, one freedom degree order which may be easily transmitted to wheels 
setting in motion the train. Let's note:

1.Action of Orderer, in this case cylinder and piston.
2.Supply of energy from outside: in order to push the piston the gas had 
to be heated. 

We may formulate the ORDERING PRINCIPLE: 

"Order of a local system may be increased under action of an orderer and 
supply of energy from outside".

The whole history of Universe encompassing cosmology, physics, chemistry, 
biology as well as human conscious individual and social behavior, boils 
down to the "competition", or, better said Dichotomy of Ordering and 
Disordering Principles.

We talked so far about this Dichotomy with respect to local systems, which 
leaves open its implications for the global system or Universe. We shall
consider them in very broad strokes in "E_Big Bang".  

ORDERING PRINCIPLE may be alternatively called MORPHOGENETIC PRINCIPLE.
It supports indeed emerging of discrete forms from Continuum.
We shall dedicate the chapter "Continuity and Discreteness" to discuss
the relation between these two basic topologies and its meaning for the
RD.

Here we shall only mention the analogy between Chaos and Continuity on the 
one hand and between Order and Discreteness on the other.