AETHER AND DOGMATIC THINKING
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In Newton's Model Physics found a rigorous
representation of Gravity, which ruled unchallenged
for centuries and even currently continues
to be the most pertinent approximation for
low speeds and weak Field areas. Optics,
on the contrary, lacked a consistent theory
and accumulated without cease new problems
and difficulties. As we said above, physicists
abandonned the corpuscular theory of light
and replaced it with wave theory, without
, unfortunately, renouncing the mechanistic
view of Universe. And following the habit
of mechanistic thinking, they glued these
hardly compatible concepts with a crutch
of all crutches, with a hypothetical corpuscular
"substance" called Aether.
It has been conceived by analogy with well
known wave phenomena such as sound whose
propagation is supported by discrete media,
by oscillating particles of corpuscular fluids
- gases or liquids. Light manifesting however,
essentially different behaviour than sound,
like propagating through vacuum, the theory
started with severe problems whose apparent
solutions created other, still more complex
ones, reaching the apogee after the discovery
of the electro-magnetic field by Maxwell.
The complexity of mathematics trying obstinately
to save the purely abstract mechanistic crutch,
surpassed that of most known theories. Aether
was probably the largest waste of effort
and ingenuity in the history of Science which
shows how dangerous it is to found scientific
theories in aprioristic metaphysical beliefs
such as the mechanistic determinism.
This seems to be a crucial lesson for us
living in an epoch ruled increasingly by
irrational beliefs, torn by religious, chauvinistic
wars and genocides, where dogmatism is gaining
all social domains including established
science and education, where exorcists graduating
from the Pontifical Regina Apostolorum University
of Vatican, together with other Creationists
and Intelligent Designers infiltrate "scientific
education" and start talking about resurrecting
geocentric cosmology founded in sacrosanct
verbatim interpretation of Genesis. Amidst
this deluge of aggressive irrationality,
the souvenir of Aether mishaps may help to
save at least the rationality of Science.
As the Aether theory has been irremediably
scrapped, we shall briefly mention some of
its principal problems without entering into
details of involved complex mathematics.
Light propagates through vacuum, thus what
appears as vacuum, the whole cosmic space
must be full of Aether from apparent vacuum
to "material substances" such as
glass or air, through which light propagates
as well. Mechanistic view suggests that Aether
should present resistance to movements of
stellar bodies. but no such effect has been
observed and they keep on moving undisturbed
through interstellar space.
So, Aether had to be retackled so that it
interacts with light but not with "matter".
Mathematic difficulties apart, how could
such a "substance" be reconciled
with the mechanistic view, is more than we
can say. Apparently, the Olympus of a priori
allows to stretch any point to make it fit
any preconceived commonplace. Anyway, all
these efforts were in vain: going through
glas or water light changes speed, so Aether
has to interact with "matter".
New mathematical crutches reached hardly
ever equaled complexity having to take care
of an additional difficulty, namely polarisation
requiring transverse light waves. Those require
in turn the propagating medium to behave
as a solid. So one had to deal with a "substance"
which behaves like a solid with respect to
light, like no-interaction vacuum with respect
to "matter" of stellar bodies,
while interacting with "matter"
which it permeates like glass or water in
a way to modify the speed of light waves
in function of their length. Mathematical
problems apart, the pile of contradictions
involved by such "substance" should
have indicated its aberration, but what would
one not do to save an irrational belief;
so mathematical arobacies described a "substance"
solid-like at ultramicroscopic sizes, vacuum-like
at macroscopic sizes, sometimes interacting
with "matter" and sometimes not.
One would expect that Maxwell's definition
of light being a particular case of electro-magnetic
FIELD propagating at the speed C, would sound
the knell of Aether phantasm. Especially,
considering that Galilean Relativity banning
absolute speed and privileged Referentials,
required this C to be the same in all IR's.
But the mechanistic dogma was too strong
and rather than call it in question, one
sacrificed on its altar the very base of
contemporary Physics, the Galilean Relativity.
One declared that Aether is a universal ABSOLUTE,
absolutely immobile Referential, in which
light moves at C. Strangely enough nobody
noticed, or at least nobody mentioned that
Mechanics being at the time defined and covariant
exclusively in IR's, it was illegal to apply
mechanistic principles to the absolute Aether,
nor that all other IR's which became absolute
by virtue of their relations to Aether, thus
making Physics universally unfounded and
undefined. Be it as it may, light was supposed
to move in other Referentials, for instance
at Earth, at speed Ce = C + Ve, where: Ce
is speed of light with respect to Earth,
Ve is speed of Earth with respect to Aether.
This assumption called for empiric verification:
Ce measured as different from C would 1.
confirm the existence of Aether, 2. determine
the ABSOLUTE spead of Earth with respect
to ABSOLUTELY immobile Aether. However, the
Michelson-Morley experiment proved that light
moved with respect to Earth at Maxwell's
speed C, thus refuting the hypothesis of
universal, absolute and absolutely immobile
Aether.
With unbelievable obstinacy some physicists
made last superhuman efforts to save
mechanistic
dogma by restructuring Aether so that
it
would be "dragged" by stellar
bodies
thus moving in their vicinity at their
speed.
However, this hypothesis would involve
C
depending of the speed of light source
which
was experimentally refuted and Aether
finally
died taking with it into the grave
the dogmatic,
metaphysical mechanistic "determinism".
This critique of the Aether Model may
look
rather severe, but it may by no means
be
interpreted as looking down on Planck,
Maxwell,
Lorentz and other great physicists
who argued
for it with ingenuity surpassing most
other
scientific endeavors. It is meant to
emphasize
the dangers of founding dogmatically
Models
of Phenomena in aprioristic metaphysical
beliefs, dangers actually more serious
for
Global than for Physical Models. For
physical
theories such dangers are, after all,
of
abstract and intellectual nature. For
Global
Phenomena encompassing demography,
ecology,
religious and ethnic fundamentalism,
globalised
economy, politics and warfare, they
are factual,
casting doubt upon the very survival
of the
mankind.
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