Existence.... keberadaan 'the being [in,at]', eksistensi Existing..... yang ada (lit.: 'which be, which exist'] Life......... kehidupan (hidup 'live [verb]') Being [noun]. makhluk (also 'creature') Being [verb]. <may be omitted (1) the person, being in charge, was held responsible _orang itu, karena berwenang, dianggap bertanggungjawab_ lit: person that, because have-authority, be-considered have-responsibility sedang (analytical formative of the durative) (2) the person being in charge will be held responsible _orang yang sedang berwenang akan dianggap bertanggungjawab_ lit: person which DURATIVE have-authority FUTURE be-held have-responsibility yang sedang 'which is [currently] ....' (3) the person being held responsible is innocent _orang yang sedang dianggap bertanggungjawab tidak bersalah_ lit: person which DURATIVE be-held have-responsibility not have-fault. I was....... 0 / I was sick _saya sakit_ lit: I sick / I was a student _saya mahasiswa_ lit: I student (Indonesian does not indicate tense, so the same could refer to the present, past, or future, unless clear form the context or through use of adverbs, or auxiliaries) He was...... 0 (ditto) They were... 0 (ditto) I am........ (4) I am sick _saya sedang sakit_ lit: I DURATIVE sick (5) I am a student _saya mahasiswa_ lit: I student You are..... sedang / 0 (replace saya with kamu in (4) and (5)) He is....... sedang / 0 (replace saya with dia in (4) and (5)) They are.... sedang / 0 (replace saya with mereka in (4) and (5)) I will be... (6) I will be sick _saya akan sakit_ lit: I FUTURE sick (7) I will be a student _saya akan mahasiswa_ lit: I FUTURE student He will be.. (replace saya with dia in (6) and (7)) They will be (replace saya with mereka in (6) and (7)) There was... ada (8) ada buku di atas meja 'there is a book on the table' lit: be book aop table (9) tadi ada buku di atas meja 'there was a b. on the t.' lit: just-now be book aop table (10) pernah ada buku di atas meja 'there was a b. on the t.' lit: once-upon-a-time be book aop tabvle There will be. akan ada It existed.... itu pernah ada The girl is a student _Gadis itu mahasiswi_ lit: girl that female-student The boy is being kind _Anak lelaki itu sedang baik hati_ lit: child male that DURATIVE good heart The building has existed for ten years _Gedung itu telah [ada] se-lama sepuluh tahun_ lit: building that PERFECTIVE [be] as-long ten year The girl is running quickly _Gadis itu sedang lari cepat_ lit: girl that DURATIVE run fast The boy will be handsome _Anak lelaki itu akan rupawan_ lit: child male that FUTURE handsome The man was a doctor _Orang itu dokter_ lit: person that doctor I believe in the existence of atoms _Saya percaya akan [ada]-nya atom_ lit: I believe with-regard-to [be] its atom (NB the existential verb here is in a form resembling that of the English gerund, and the enclitic -nya 'its' is functioning here as possessive copula, i.e. what is said literally is: 'I believe in the to-be of atoms') Life exists on earth _Di bumi [ada] kehidupan_ lit: at earth [be] life _[Ada] kehidupan di bumi_ lit: [be] life at earth I like being a student _Saya senang [menjadi] mahasiswa_ lit. I like [become] student I enjoy living my life _Saya menikmati kehidupan yang saya tempuh ini_ lit: I enjoy-APPLICATIVE life which I lay-back/go-through this _Saya senang dengan kehidupan yang saya alami ini_ lit: I be-happy with life which I experince this I love him/her with my whole 'Being.' _Saya mencintai-nya dengan segenap kehadiran-ku_ lit. I love-APPLICATIVE him/her/it with entire presence my _Saya mencintai-nya dengan segenap jiwa raga-ku_ lit. I love-APPLICATIVE him/her/it with entire soul body my (i.e. '... with all me body and soul') Hope that's any help. The situation in Indonesian with regard to expression of existence and being is somewhat complicated. Basically, the use of a copula is not necessary, and various 'artificial' means are implemented when one wishes to explicitly do so. There is also another feature that is not reflected above, and that is the negative copula of being: _bukan_ 'be not'. (saya mahasiswa_ 'I am a student', saya bukan mahasiswa_ 'I am not a student_)
But it does not negate the durative/continuous, for which one uses the normal negation _tidak_ 'no, not' (saya sakit_ 'I am sick' saya tidak sakit_ 'I am not sick')
Wish you success with your project, Salam, Warun Mahdi |