The Ego by Johann Gottlieb Fichte
We have to search for the absolute, first,
and unconditioned fundamental principle of
human knowledge. It cannot be proven, nor
determined if it is to be absolute first
principle.
This principle is to express that deed-act
which does not occur among the empirical
determinations of our consciousness, nor
can so occur, since it is rather the basis
of all consciousness, and first and alone
makes consciousness possible. In representing
this deed-act it is not so much to be feared
that my readers will not think what they
ought to think, as that they will think what
they ought not to think. This renders necessary
a reflection on what may perhaps for the
present be taken for that deed-act, and an
abstraction from all that does not really
belong to it.
Even by means of this abstracting reflection,
that deed-act, which is not empirical fact
of consciousness, cannot become fact of consciousness:
but by means of this abstracting reflection
we may recognize so much; that this deed-act
must necessarily be thought as the basis
of all consciousness.
The laws according to which this deed-act
must necessarily be thought as basis of human
knowledge, or, which is the same, the rules
according to which that abstracting reflection
proceeds, have not yet been proven as valid,
but are for the present tacitly presupposed
as well known and agreed upon. As we proceed
we shall deduce them from that fundamental
principle, the establishment whereof is correct
only if they are correct. This is a circle,
but an unavoidable circle. And since it is
unavoidable and freely admitted, it is also
allowable to appeal to all the laws of general
logic in establishing this highest fundamental
principle.
In undertaking this abstracting reflection,
we must start from some proposition which
every one will admit without dispute. Doubtless
there are many such. We choose the one which
seems to us to open the shortest road to
our purpose. In admitting this proposition,
the deed-act, which we intend to make the
basis of our whole science of knowledge,
must be admitted; and the reflection must
show that this deed-act is admitted the moment
that proposition is admitted.
Our course of proceeding in this reflection
is as follows: Any fact of empirical consciousness,
admitted as such valid proposition, is taken
hold of, and from it we separate one of its
empirical determinations after the other,
until only that remains, which can no longer
be separated and abstracted from.
As such admitted proposition we take this
one: A is A.
Every one admits this proposition, and without
the least hesitation. It is recognized by
all as completely certain and evident.
If any one should ask a proof of its certainty,
no one would enter upon such a proof, but
would say: This proposition is absolutely
(that is, without any further ground) certain;
and by saying this would ascribe to himself
the power of absolutely positing something.
In insisting on the in-itself certainty of
the above proposition, you posit not that
A is. The proposition A is A is by no means
equivalent to A is. Being when posited without
predicate is something quite different from
being when posited with a predicate. Let
us suppose A to signify a space enclosed
within two straight lines, then the proposition
A is A would still be correct; although the
proposition A is would be false, since such
a space is impossible.
But you posit by that proposition: If A is,
then A is. The question whether A is at all
or not, does not, therefore, occur in it.
The content of the proposition is not regarded
at all: merely its form. The question is
not whereof you know, but what you know of
any given subject. The only thing posited,
therefore, by that proposition is the absolutely
necessary connection between the two A's.
This connection we shall call X.
In regard to A itself nothing has as yet
been posited. The question, therefore, arises:
Under what condition is A?
X at least is in the Ego, and posited through
the Ego, for it is the Ego, which asserts
the above proposition, and so asserts it
by virtue of X as a law, which X or law must,
therefore, be given to the Ego; and, since
it is asserted absolutely, and without further
ground, must be given to the Ego through
itself.
Whether and how A is posited we do not know;
but since X is to designate a connection
between an unknown positing of A (of the
first A in the proposition A is A) and a
positing of the same A, which latter positing
is absolute on condition of the first positing,
it follows that A, at least in so far as
that connection is posited, is posited in
and through the Ego, like X. Proof: X is
only possible in relation to an A; now X
is really posited in the Ego; hence, also,
A must be posited in the Ego, in so far as
X is related to it.
X is related to that A, in the above proposition,
which occupies the logical position of subject,
and also to that A which is the predicate,
for both are united by X. Both, therefore,
are posited in the Ego, in so far as they
are posited; and the A of the predicate is
posited absolutely if the first one is posited.
Hence the above proposition may be also expressed:
If A is posited in the Ego, then it is posited,
or then it is.
Hence, by means of X, the Ego posits; that
A is absolutely for the asserting Ego, and
is simply because it is posited in the Ego:
or that there is something in the Ego which
always remains the same, and is thus able
to connect or posit: and hence the absolutely
posited X may also be expressed, Ego=Ego,
or I am I.
Thus we have already arrived at the proposition
I am; not as expression of a deed-act, it
is true, but, at least, as expression of
a fact.
For X is absolutely posited; this is a fact
of empirical consciousness, as shown by the
admitted proposition. Now X signifies the
same as I am I; hence, this proposition is
also absolutely posited.
But Ego is Ego, or I am I, has quite another
significance than A is A. For the latter
proposition had content only on a certain
condition, namely, if A is posited. But the
proposition I am I is unconditionally and
absolutely valid, since it is the same as
X; it is valid not only in form but also
in content. In it the Ego is posited not
on condition, but absolutely, with the predicate
of self-equality; hence, it is posited, and
the proposition may also be expressed, I
am.
This proposition, I am, is as yet only founded
upon a fact, and has no other validity than
that of a fact. If "A=A" (or X)
is to be certain, then "I am" must
also be certain. Now, it is fact of empirical
consciousness that we are compelled to regard
X as absolutely certain; hence, also "I
am" is certain, since it is the ground
of the X. It follows from this, that the
ground of explanation of all facts of empirical
consciousness is this: before all positing,
the Ego must be posited through itself.
I say of all facts; and to prove this I must
show that X is the highest fact of empirical
consciousness, is the basis of all others,
and contained in all other facts; which,
perhaps, would be admitted by all men, without
proof, although the whole science of knowledge
busies itself to prove it.
The proposition A is A is asserted. But all
asserting is an act of the human mind; for
it has all the conditions of such an act
in empirical consciousness, which must be
presupposed as well known and admitted in
order to advance our reflection. Now, this
act is based on something which has no higher
ground, namely X or I am.
Hence, that which is absolutely posited and
in itself grounded is the ground of a certain
(we shall see hereafter of all) acting of
the human mind; hence its pure character;
the pure character of activity in itself,
altogether abstracting from its particular
empirical conditions.
The positing of the Ego through itself is,
therefore, the pure activity of the Ego.
The Ego posits itself; and the Ego is by
virtue of this mere self-positing. Again,
vice versa: the Ego is and posits its being,
by virtue of its mere being. It is both the
acting and the product of the act; the active
and the result of the activity; deed and
act in one; and hence the I am is expressive
of a deed-act; and of the only possible deed-act,
as our science of knowledge must show.
Let us again consider the proposition I am
I. The Ego is absolutely posited. Let us
assume that the first Ego of this proposition
(which has the position of formal subject)
is the absolutely posited Ego, and that the
second Ego (that of the predicate) is the
being Ego; then the absolutely valid assertion
that both are one signifies: the Ego is,
because it has posited itself.
This is, indeed, the case according to the
logical form of the proposition. In A=A the
first A is that which is posited in the Ego,
(either absolutely, like the Ego itself,
or conditionally, like any non-Ego) and in
this positing of A the Ego is absolutely
subject; and hence the first A is also called
the subject. But the second A designates
that which the Ego, in now making itself
the object of its own reflection discovers
thus as posited in itself, (since it has
just before itself posited the A in itself).
The Ego, in asserting that proposition A=A,
predicates in truth not something of A, but
of itself, namely, that it has found an A
posited in itself; and hence the second A
is called predicate.
The Ego in the former and the Ego in the
latter significance are to be absolutely
Equal. Hence, the above proposition may be
turned around, and then it reads: The Ego
posits itself simply because it is. It posits
itself through its mere being, and is through
its mere being posited.
This, then, will explain clearly in what
significance we here use the word Ego (I),
and will lead us to a definite explanation
of the Ego as absolute subject. The Ego as
absolute subject is that, the being, essence,
whereof consists merely in positing itself
as being. As soon as it posits itself, it
is; and as soon as it is, it posits itself;
and hence the Ego is for the Ego absolute
and necessary. Whatsoever is not for itself
is not an Ego.
The question has been asked. What was I before
I became self-conscious? The answer is, I
was not at all, for I was not I. The Ego
is only, in so far as it is conscious of
itself. The possibility of that question
is grounded upon mixing up of the Ego as
subject, and the Ego as object of the reflection
of the absolute subject; and is in itself
altogether improper. The Ego represents itself,
and in so far takes itself up in the form
of representation, and now first becomes
a somewhat, that is, an object. Consciousness
receives in this form of representation a
substrate, which is, even without the real
consciousness, and which, moreover, is thought
bodily. Such a condition is thought, and
the question asked. What was the Ego at that
time? that is, what is the substrate of consciousness?
But even in this thought you unconsciously
add in thinking the absolute subject as looking
at that substrate; and hence you unconsciously
add in thought the very thing whereof you
wanted to abstract, and thus you contradict
yourself. The truth is, you cannot think
anything at all without adding in thought
your Ego as self-conscious; you cannot abstract
from your self-consciousness; and all questions
of the above kind are not to be answered,
since maturely considered, they cannot be
asked.
If the Ego is only so far as it posits itself,
then it also is only for the positing, and
posits only for the being Ego. The Ego is
for the Ego; but if it posits itself absolutely,
as it is, then it posits itself necessarily,
and is necessary for the Ego. I am only for
me; but for me I am necessarily. (By saying
for me, I already posit my being.) To posit
itself and to be is, applied to the Ego,
the same. Hence, the proposition I am because
I have posited myself, can also be expressed;
I am absolutely because I am.
Again, the Ego as positing itself and the
Ego as being are one and the same. The Ego
is as what it posits itself and posits itself
as what it is. Hence, I am absolutely what
I am.
The immediate expression of the thus developed
deed-act may be given in the following formula:
I am absolutely because I am, and I am absolutely
what I am for myself.
If this narration of the original deed-act
is to be placed at the head of a science
of knowledge as its highest fundamental principle,
it may perhaps be best expressed thus:
The Ego posits originally its own being.
(In other words, the Ego is necessarily identity
of subject and object; is itself subject-object;
and it is this without further meditation.)
We started from the proposition A=A, not
as if the proposition, I am, could be proven
by it, but because we had to start from some
one certain proposition given in empirical
consciousness. And our development, also,
has shown that A=A does not contain the ground
of "I am," but, on the contrary,
that the latter proposition is the ground
of the former.
By abstracting from the content of the proposition
I am, and looking merely to its form, namely,
the form of drawing a conclusion from the
being posited of something to its being,
as we must abstract for the sake of logic,
we thus obtain as fundamental principle of
logic the proposition A=A, which can only
be proven and determined through the science
of knowledge. Proven: for A is A because
the Ego which has posited A is the same as
the Ego in which A is posited. Determined:
for whatever is, is only in so far as it
is posited in the Ego, and there is nothing
outside of the Ego. No possible A (no thing)
can be any thing else but an A posited in
the Ego.
By abstracting, moreover, from all asserting
as a determined acting, and looking merely
to the general manner of acting, of the human
mind, which is given through that form, we
obtain the category of reality. Every thing
to which the proposition A=A is applicable
has reality, in so far as that proposition
is applicable to it. That which is posited
through the mere positing of any thing (in
the Ego ) is its reality, its essence.
Excerpted from Science of Knowledge, by Johann
Gottlieb Fichte
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