The Case of Martin Heidegger - Alex Steiner - THE ATHENAEUM LIBRARY OF PHILOSOPHY

Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) has been considered by many to be one of the titans of twentieth century philosophy. His international reputation was assured with the publication in 1927 of Being and Time, a book that was characterized by the young Jurgen Habermas as "the most significant philosophical event since Hegel’s Phänomenologie . . . "[1] The success of Being and Time was immediate and its influence pervasive. Many currents of contemporary thought over the past 70 years have been inspired by and in some cases directly derived from the work of Heidegger. Among these we can mention existentialism, hermeneutics, postmodernism, eco-feminism, and various trends in psychology, theology and literature. His writings have influenced thinkers as diverse as Herbert Marcuse, Jean-Paul Sartre, Jacques Derrida, Paul Tillich and countless others. Heidegger's distinguished career as professor of philosophy at the University of Freiburg was marred by a singular event in his life.

After Hitler's seizure of power in 1933 Heidegger the world-renowned philosopher became Heidegger the Nazi, holding membership card number 312589. The topic of Heidegger's Nazism has recently stepped out of the pages of scholarly journals and become an issue in the popular press and mass media. Last year, the BBC aired a television series about three philosophers who have strongly influenced our epoch, Nietzsche, Heidegger and Sartre. The episode on Heidegger could not help but discuss his Nazism. Late last year, the New York Review of Books published an article covering the relationship between Heidegger and his colleagues Karl Jaspers and Hannah Arendt.

All this publicity to what was previously an obscure chapter in the life of a well-known philosopher has caused a ripple of shock and dismay. For example, a viewer of the BBC series recently wrote of his consternation that "the depth of his [Heidegger's] collaboration with the Nazis has only recently . . . been brought out. " The long-standing myopia in the case of Heidegger can be directly ascribed to a systematic cover-up that was perpetrated by Heidegger himself during and after his Nazi period, and carried on by his students and apologists to this day.

Before we explore the story of the cover-up, itself a long and fascinating page in the annals of historical falsification, let us first establish the facts of Heidegger's relationship with the Nazis. The facts can no longer be seriously contested since the publication of Victor Farias' book, Heidegger and Nazism in 1987. [2] Farias is a Chilean-born student of Heidegger's who spent a decade locating virtually all the relevant documents relating to Heidegger's activities in the years from 1933 to 1945. Many of these documents were found in the archives of the former state of East Germany and in the Documentation Center of the former West Berlin. Since the publication of Farias' landmark book, a number of other books and articles have been published that explore the issue of Heidegger's Nazism.

An excellent summary of the historical material can be found in an article written in 1988, Heidegger and the Nazis. [3] Much of the material presented in this section is borrowed from this article. Heidegger was born and raised in the Swabian town of Messkirch in the south of modern Germany. The region was economically backward, dominated by peasant-based agriculture and small scale manufacturing. The politics of the region was infused by a populist Catholicism that was deeply implicated in German nationalism, xenophobia and anti-Semitism. Modern culture and with ice ideals of liberalism as well as socialism were viewed as mortal threats. The growing influence throughout Germany of the Social Democratic Party was commonly identified as the main "internal enemy" in this region. In the ensuing decades this area would become one of the bastions of support for Nazism.

Heidegger's family was of lower middle class origin. His mother came from a peasant background and his father was an artisan. He was a promising student and won a scholarship to attend secondary school in Konstanz. There he attended a preparatory school for the novitiate. The school was established by the Catholic Church hierarchy as a bastion of conservatism against the growing influence of liberalism and Protestantism in the region. Nevertheless some of the secular faculty of the school held decisively democratic and progressive ideals. Their lectures were among the most popular at the school. We do not know exactly how these progressive ideas were received by the young Heidegger. We do know that at an early and formative period he was already confronted by the interplay of ideas that were battling for supremacy in his part of Germany.

We also know that by the time Heidegger received his baccalaureate degree, he had rejected the vocation of priest in favor of that of scholar. He also became heavily involved in the partisan and cultural struggles of his time. By the time he was in his early twenties, he was a leader in a student movement that embraced the ideals of right-wing Catholic populism. The reactionary and xenophobic forces in the region were strengthened following the First World War and the Russian Revolution. The outcome of the war, enshrined in the Versailles treaty, was not only a humiliating defeat for the nationalists, but also resulted in the loss of territory to France. The lost territories became a cause celebre among right-wing nationalist circles after the war. The Russian Revolution on the other hand, while inspiring the working class in Germany, spread fear and horror among the largely Catholic peasants in the rural south. A sense of crisis of world historic dimensions dominated the ideology of the right-wing nationalist movements of the period.

The zeitgeist of crisis was given voice by the philosopher Oswald Spengler, who in turn was inspired by Friedrich Nietzsche. We know that Heidegger early on in his career expressed sympathies for the nationalist viewpoint. It is also a fact that the sense of crisis that emerged in this historical confluence would be a theme that Heidegger the philosopher would retain his entire career. Documentary evidence exists that Heidegger expressed sympathy for the Nazis as early as 1932. Given his previous history, this should not come as a shock. Immediately following Hitler's seizure of power, Heidegger joined the Nazis. Heidegger was a dues-paying member of the NSDAP (the Nazi party) from 1933 to 1945. He became the rector of Freiburg University in April of 1933, three months after Hitler came to power. His infamous inaugural address was delivered on May 27, 1933. Heidegger apologists have claimed that this address represented an attempt to assert the autonomy of the university against the Nazis' effort to subordinate the sciences to their reactionary doctrines.In fact, the address was a call to arms for the student body and the faculty to serve the new Nazi regime. It celebrates the Nazi ascendancy as "the march our people has begun into its future history." Heidegger identifies the German nation with the Nazi state in prose that speaks of "the historical mission of the German Volk, a Volk that knows itself in its state." There is even a reference to the fascist ideology of zoological determinism when Heidegger invokes "the power to preserve, in the deepest way, the strengths [of the Volk] which are rooted in soil and blood."On June 30, 1933 Heidegger gave a speech to the Heidelberg Student Association in which he gave his views on the role of the university in the new Nazi order.

The following excerpt speaks for itself. It provides a glimpse of Heidegger's commitment to the Nazi ideals of blood, race and absolute subservience to the Führer.

After the war Heidegger tried to paint an exculpatory picture of his term as rector, claiming that he was defending the integrity of the university against the Nazis' attempts to politicize it.

Unfortunately for him the documentary evidence provided by this speech and others like it blow up his attempted alibi.Existing documentary evidence from Heidegger's period as rector traces the following events: On August 21, 1933 Heidegger established the Führer -principle at Freiburg. This meant that the rector would not be elected by the faculty as had been the custom, but would henceforth be appointed by the Nazi Minister of Education. In that capacity, the Führer -rector would have absolute authority over the life of the university. On October 1, 1933 his goal was realized when he was officially appointed Führer of Freiburg University. For Heidegger this was a milestone on the way to fulfilling his ultimate ambition, which was to become the leading philosopher of the Nazi regime. He envisioned a relationship in which he would become the philosopher-consul to Hitler.On September 4, 1933, in declining an appointment to the University of Munich, he wrote, "When I put personal reasons aside for the moment, I know I ought to decide to work at the task that lets me best serve the work of Adolf Hitler."[5]On November 3, 1933, in his role as Führer -rector, Heidegger issued a decree applying the Nazi laws on racial cleansing to the student body of the university.

The substance of the decree awarded economic aid to students belonging to the SS, the SA and other military groups. "Jewish or Marxist students" or anyone considered non-Aryan according to Nazi law would be denied financial aid.[6]On December 13, 1933, Heidegger solicited financial support from German academics for a book of pro-Hitler speeches that was to be distributed around the world. He added on the bottom of the letter that "Needless to say, non-Aryans shall not appear on the signature page."[7]On December 22, 1933, Heidegger wrote to the Baden minister of education urging that in choosing among applicants for a professorship one should question "which of the candidates ... offers the greatest assurance of carrying out the National Socialist will for education."[8]The documentary evidence also shows that while Heidegger was publicly extolling the Nazi cause, he was privately working to destroy the careers of students and colleagues who were either Jewish or whose politics was suspect. Among the damning evidence that has been revealed:Hermann Staudinger, a chemistry professor at Freiburg who would go on to win the Nobel prize in 1953, was secretly denounced by Heidegger as a former pacifist during World War I. This information was conveyed to the local minister of education on February 10, 1934. Staudinger was faced with the loss of his job and his pension. Some weeks later Heidegger interceded with the minister to recommend a milder punishment. The motivation for this action had nothing to do with pangs of conscience or compassion, but was simply an expedient response to what Heidegger feared would be adverse international publicity to the dismissal of a well-known scholar. He wrote the minister, "I hardly need to remark that as regards the issue nothing of course can change. It's simply a question of avoiding as much as possible, any new strain on foreign policy."[9] The ministry forced Staudinger to submit his resignation and then kept him in suspense for six months before tearing it up and reinstating him.

The case of Eduard Baumgarten provides another example of the crass opportunism and vindictiveness exhibited by Heidegger. Baumgarten was a student of American philosophy who had lectured at the University of Wisconsin in the 1920s. He returned to Germany to study under Heidegger and the two men struck up a close friendship. In 1931, however, a personal falling out ensued after Heidegger opposed Baumgarten's work in American pragmatism. Baumgarten left Freiburg to teach American philosophy at the University of Gottingen. On December 16, 1933, Heidegger, once more in his role as stool pigeon, wrote a letter to the head of the Nazi professors at Gottingen that read, "By family background and intellectual orientation Dr. Baumgarten comes from the Heidelberg circle of liberal democratic intellectuals around Max Weber. During his stay here [at Freiburg] he was anything but a National Socialist. I am surprised to hear that he is lecturing at Gottingen: I cannot imagine on the basis of what scientific works he got the license to teach. After failing with me, he frequented, very actively, the Jew Frankel, who used to teach at Gottingen and just recently was fired from here [under Nazi racial laws]."[10]Dr. Vogel, the recipient of this letter, thought that it was "charged with hatred" and refused to use it. His successor, however, sent it to the minister of education in Berlin who suspended Baumgarten and recommended that he leave the country.

Fortunately for Baumgarten he was able to get a copy of the Heidegger letter through the intercession of a sympathetic secretary. It is only due to this circumstance that this piece of documentary evidence still exists. It is impossible to guess how many other poisoned letters were penned by Heidegger in this period. Baumgarten was fortunate enough to win back his job after appealing to the Nazi authorities. These facts were brought to light during de-Nazification hearings in
1946.Mention might be made of an incident with Max Müller. Müller, who became a prominent Catholic intellectual after the war, was one of Heidegger's best students from
1928 to 1933. He was also an opponent of Nazism. He stopped attending Heidegger's lectures after the latter joined the Nazi party on May 1, 1933. Several months later,

Did Heidegger Know About the Camps?

EUGEN FISCHER
Heidegger's Racialist Friend.

Heidegger's Pal Fischer with Nazi officials.

Heidegger's lifelong Nazi friend EUGEN FISCHER, Professor of and first Nazi Rector of Berlin University. A leading figure in the pseudo-science of "racial hygiene," Fischer tried to scientifically legitimize racial theory. His memoirs, published in 1959,avoided mention of the millions who were murdered by the nazis.

Fischer was active in the early years of Nazi rule as a leading proponent of racial legislation. He was the head of the Institute of Racial Hygiene in Berlin which propagated Nazi racial theories. One of the "researchers" at his institute was the infamous Dr. Joseph Mengele. Fischer was one of the intellectual authors of the Nazi "final solution." Heidegger maintained cordial relations with Fischer at least until 1960 when he sent Fischer a Christmas gift with greetings. It would not be stretching credibility too far to suppose that as a result of his personal relationship with Fischer, Heidegger may have had knowledge at a very early period of Nazi plans for genocide.[17]The record shows that after the war Heidegger never made a public or private repudiation of his support for Nazism. This was despite the fact that former friends, including Karl Jaspers and Herbert Marcuse, urged him to speak out, after the fact to be sure, against the many crimes perpetrated by the Nazi regime. Heidegger never did. He did however make a fleeting reference to the Holocaust in a lecture delivered on Dec. 1, 1949. Speaking about technology, he said:"Agriculture is now a motorized food-industry-in essence, the same as the manufacturing of corpses in the gas chambers and the extermination camps, the same as the blockade and starvation of the countryside, the same as the production of the hydrogen bombs."[18]In equating the problems of mechanized agriculture with the Holocaust, thereby trivializing the latter, Heidegger demonstrated his contempt for the Jewish victims of the Nazis. We will return to this theme when we examine Heidegger's philosophy.For the most part Heidegger chose to remain silent after the war about his activities on behalf of the Nazis.

The few occasions in which Heidegger did venture a public statement were notable. The first instance in which he makes any assessment of this period was a self-serving document that was written for the de-Nazification commission. We will comment on that in the next section. The most important postwar statement Heidegger made about his prewar political activity was in a 1966 interview with the magazine Der Spiegel. This interview was first published, at Heidegger's insistence, after his death in 1976. A great deal of the discussion centers on the question of technology and the threat that unconstrained technology poses to man. Heidegger says at one point:"A decisive question for me today is: how can a political system accommodate itself to the technological age, and which political system would this be? I have no answer to this question. I am not convinced that it is democracy."[19]Having set up an ahistorical notion of technology as an absolute bane to the existence of mankind, Heidegger then explains how he conceived of the Nazi solution to this problem:" ... I see the task in thought to consist in general, within the limits allotted to thought, to achieve an adequate relationship to the essence of technology. National Socialism, to be sure, moved in this direction. But these people were far too limited in their thinking to acquire an explicit relationship to what is really happening today and has been underway for three centuries."[20]It is thus beyond dispute that at the time of his death Heidegger thought of Nazism as a political movement that was moving in the right direction. If it failed then this was because its leaders did not think radically enough about the essence of technology.

From The Simon Weisanthal Centre.
Concerning Martin Heidegger
the German existentialist philosopher

Existentialist philosopher considered by many to be one of the foremost thinkers of the twentieth century, Martin Heidegger was born in Messkirch, Baden, on 26 September 1889, the son of an old Swabian peasant family. Heidegger's early schooling at high schools in Konstanz and Freiburg was followed by theological and philosophical studies at the University of Freiburg (1909-13). In 1916 he obtained his Habilitation (qualification for teaching at university level) and in 1922, was appointed to teach philosophy at the University of Marburg. in 1928, Heidegger succeeded his former teacher Edmund Husserl in the chair of philosophy at Freiburg. In April 1933 he was named Rektor (Chancellor) of the university, drawing analogies in his inaugural address between the 'knowledge service' of scholars and the army or labor service of soldiers and workers.

Heidegger was the most eminent German philosopher to embrace National Socialism, though the period of his official implication in the; movement lasted barely a year. The fundamental ontology of his major philosophical work Sein und Zeit (1927), with its search for 'authentic' values, for a new self-assertion of the German spirit against the modern cosmopolitan world, its preoccupation with Angst and dehumanization, already anticipated aspects of his later involvement with Nazism. Heidegger's emphasis on rootedness, on intimacies of blood and the freedom of death, his denial of freedom of choice and dislike of urban intellectualism, fitted easily enough into National Socialist ideology.

In a series of speeches as Rector of Freiburg University in 1933-4, Heidegger even went beyond his official obligations, praising the genius of Adolf Hitler for leading the German people out of the corruption of 'rootless and impotent thinking' and declaring that it was the 'supreme privilege' of the academic community to be reunited with the German Volk and to serve its will. Heidegger saw in Nazism the promise of a totally new beginning in German destiny and in Hitler 'the only present embodiment and future embodiment of German action and its law' (3 November 1933). In a series of lectures in 1935 (reproduced in 1953 in his Introduction to physics), Heidegger actually spoke of the 'inner truth and greatness of this (i.e.Nazi) movement', by which he meant 'the encounter between global technology and modern man' allegedly expressed in its philosophy.

On the other hand, Heidegger was not noticeably antisemitic and as Rector, prohibited the planned burning of 'decadent' works by Jewish or communist authors in front of the university. He also refused to ratify the dismissal of two anti-Nazi colleagues at the University, finally resigning his rectorship in February 1934. Subsequently, Heidegger withdrew from politics into philosophical quietism, continuing to lecture and publish under the Third Reich such works as Holderlin und das Wesen der Dichtung (1936), Platons Lehre von der Wahrheit (1942) and Vom Wesen der Wahrheit (1943). In 1944, he was enrolled in a compulsory work-brigade, involved in the construction of earthworks on the banks of the Rhine. From 1945 to 1951, Heidegger was prohibited from teaching in any public capacity by the Allied powers. In 1951, he was appointed Honorary professor and resumed his teaching at Freiburg giving occasional seminars until 1967.

After World War II, Heidegger's influence, especially on French existentialism (Sartre's philosophy is incomprehensible without reference to his German predecessor), was enormous, and his theories on the nature of language and poetry were also widely discussed. On the question of Hitlerism and the Holocaust the policies of the Third Reich and his own involvement, he maintained, however, a complete public silence until his death in Messkirch on 26 May 1976. A month later, a long interview appeared in the German magazine Der-Spiegel it had been recorded a decade earlier on condition that it only be used posthumously - where Heidegger claimed that at the time, he had seen no alternative to Nazism if Germany were to survive. Nowhere in this last statement concerning his own past did Heidegger explicitly repudiate National Socialism or have anything to say about the philosophical implications of the bestialities committed during the Third Reich.

Courtesy of:
"Who's Who in Nazi Germany"
©1982, Wiederfield and Nicolsa
London
Copyright © 1997, The Simon Wiesenthal Center
9760 West Pico Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90035

Heidegger's wife was said to have been very pro-nazi. While women did not play an important or public role in the Nazi regime, Emmy Goering wife of Hermann Goering the second ranking personality in the Third Reich served as "First Lady" in the social circles of the Nazi elite. Little known to the German public.

Eva Braun was Hitler's mistress until immediately before Hitler's suicide, when he married her.

Notes:
1. Jurgen Habermas, “On the Publication of the Lectures of 1935,” trans. Richard Wolin, The Heidegger Controversy: A Critical Reader, ed. Richard Wolin, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998, p. 191
2. Victor Farias, Heidegger and Nazism, Temple University Press, 1989
3. Thomas Sheehan, “Heidegger and the Nazis,” New York Review of Books, June 16, 1988
4. Martin Heidegger, “The University in the New Reich” Wolin, pp. 44-45
5. Farias, 164
6. Sheehan, “Heidegger and the Nazis”
7. Sheehan, “Heidegger and the Nazis”
8. Sheehan, “Heidegger and the Nazis”
9. Sheehan, “Heidegger and the Nazis”
10. Sheehan, “Heidegger and the Nazis”
11. Sheehan, “Heidegger and the Nazis”
12. Sheehan, “Heidegger and the Nazis”
13. Sheehan, “Heidegger and the Nazis”
14. George Leaman, “Strategies of Deception: The Composition of Heidegger's Silence,” Martin Heidegger and the Holocaust, ed. Alan Milchman and Alan Rosenberg, Humanities Press, 1996, p. 64
15. Rüdiger Safranski, Martin Heidegger: Between Good and Evil, t rans. Ewald Osers, Cambridge: Harvard University Pressm 1998, p. 257
16. Sheehan
17. Richard Wolin, “French Heidegger Wars,” Wolin, p. 282
18. Farias, 287.
19. Martin Heidegger, “Only a God Can Save Us”: Der Spiegel interview, Wolin, p. 104
20. Martin Heidegger, “Only a God Can Save Us”: Der Spiegel interview, Wolin, p. 111